1,419 research outputs found
A PCI Express board designed to interface with the electronic phase-2 upgrades of the ATLAS detectors at CERN
Nei prossimi 10 anni รจ in previsione un aggiornamento radicale dell'acceleratore LHC al CERN finalizzato al raggiungimento di piรน alti valori di luminositร istantanea (oltre \begin{math}5 \times 10^{34}cm^{-2}s^{-1}\end{math}) ed integrata (oltre un fattore 10 rispetto a quella attuale). Conseguentemente, anche i rilevatori degli esperimenti che lavorano al CERN, cosรฌ come i loro sistemi di acquisizione dati, dovranno essere aggiornati per poter gestire un flusso notevolmente maggiore rispetto a quello utilizzato finora. Questa tesi tratta in particolare di una nuova scheda elettronica di lettura, progettata e testata nel laboratorio di elettronica del Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell'Universitร di Bologna e nel laboratorio di elettronica della Sezione INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) di Bologna. Le motivazioni che hanno indotto lo sviluppo della scheda prototipale sono molteplici. Un primo obiettivo da perseguire รจ stato quello di aggiornare la versione attuale delle schede elettroniche di acquisizione dati usate oggi nel Pixel Detector dell'esperimento ATLAS, visto che sono anch'esse sotto la responsabilitร della sezione INFN di Bologna. Secondariamente, la scheda (nominata Pixel-ROD) รจ orientata a gestire le esigenze elettroniche che seguiranno l'upgrade di LHC durante la fase 2. La complessitร del progetto e l'inerzia intrinseca di una vasta collaborazione come quella di ATLAS, hanno poi indotto lo sviluppo di questo progetto elettronico in largo anticipo rispetto al vero upgrade di fase 2 di LHC, previsto per il 2024. In questo modo saranno anche piรน facilmente eseguibili eventuali aggiornamenti tecnologici in corso d'opera, senza dover riprogettare da zero un sistema di acquisizione dati completo
ํ์ค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํผ๋ ํฌ์๋ ์ดํ๋ผ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋ DRAM์ ์ํ ์ปจํธ๋กค๋ฌ PHY ์ค๊ณ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ ๊ธฐยท์ ๋ณด๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2020. 8. ๊น์ํ.A controller PHY for managed DRAM solution, which is a new memory structure to maximize capacity while minimizing refresh power, is presented. Inter-symbol interference is critical in such a high-capacity DRAM interface in which many DRAM chips share a command/address (C/A) channel. A pulse-based feed-forward equalizer (PB-FFE) is introduced to reduce ISI on a C/A channel. The controller PHY supports all the training sequences specified in the DDR4 standard. A glitch-free DCDL is also adopted to perform link training efficiently and to reduce training time.
The DQ transmitter adopts quarter-rate architecture to reduce output latency. For the quarter-rate transmitters in DQ, we propose a quadrature error corrector (QEC), in which clock signal phase errors are corrected using two replicas of the 4:1 serializer of the output stage. Pulse shrinking is used to compare and equalize the outputs of these two replica serializers.
A controller PHY was fabricated in 55nm CMOS. The PB-FFE increases the timing margin from 0.23UI to 0.29UI at 1067Mbps. At 2133Mbps, the read timing and voltage margins are 0.53UI and 211mV after read training, and the write margins are 0.72UI and 230mV after write training.
To validate the QEC effectiveness, a prototype quarter-rate transmitter, including the QEC, was fabricated to another chip in 65nm CMOS. Adopting our QEC, the experimental results show that the output phase errors of the transmitter are reduced to a residual error of 0.8ps, and the output eye width and height are improved by 84% and 61%, respectively, at a data-rate of 12.8Gbps.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ฉ๋์ ์ต๋ํํ๋ฉด์๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์ต์ํํ ์ ์๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ DRAM ์๋ฃจ์
์ ์ํ ์ปจํธ๋กค๋ฌ PHY๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋ DRAM ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค์์๋ ๋ง์ DRAM ์นฉ์ด ๋ช
๋ น / ์ฃผ์ (C/A) ์ฑ๋์ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ณ ์์ด์ ์ฌ๋ณผ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ญ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ด๋ฌํ C/A ์ฑ๋์์์ ์ฌ๋ณผ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ญ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์ค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํผ๋ ํฌ์๋ ์ดํ๋ผ์ด์ (PB-FFE)๋ฅผ ์ฑํํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ปจํธ๋กค๋ฌ PHY๋ DDR4 ํ์ค์ ์ง์ ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํธ๋ ์ด๋ ์ํ์ค๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๋ค. ๋งํฌ ํธ๋ ์ด๋์ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ๊ณ ํธ๋ ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์น๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์๋ ๋์งํธ ์ ์ด ์ง์ฐ ๋ผ์ธ (DCDL)์ ์ฑํํ์๋ค.
์ปจํธ๋กค๋ฌ PHY์ DQ ์ก์ ๊ธฐ๋ ์ถ๋ ฅ ๋๊ธฐ ์๊ฐ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฟผํฐ ๋ ์ดํธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑํํ์๋ค. ์ฟผํฐ ๋ ์ดํธ ์ก์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ง๊ต ํด๋ญ ๊ฐ ์์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ถ๋ ฅ ์ ํธ์ ๋ฌด๊ฒฐ์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ํฅ์ ์ต์ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ถ๋ ฅ ๋จ์ 4 : 1 ์ง๋ ฌ ๋ณํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ๋ณต์ ๋ณธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ํด๋ก ์ ํธ ์์ ์ค๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ QEC (Quadrature Error Corrector)๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ณต์ ๋ 2๊ฐ์ ์ง๋ ฌ ๋ณํ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ ๋น๊ตํ๊ณ ๊ท ๋ฑํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์ค ์์ถ ์ง์ฐ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
์ปจํธ๋กค๋ฌ PHY๋ 55nm CMOS ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์กฐ๋์๋ค. PB-FFE๋ 1067Mbps์์ C/A ์ฑ๋ ํ์ด๋ฐ ๋ง์ง์ 0.23UI์์ 0.29UI๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํจ๋ค. ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํธ๋ ์ด๋ ํ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฐ ์ ์ ๋ง์ง์ 2133Mbps์์ 0.53UI ๋ฐ 211mV์ด๊ณ , ์ฐ๊ธฐ ํธ๋ ์ด๋ ํ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ง์ง์ 0.72UI ๋ฐ 230mV์ด๋ค.
QEC์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๊ธฐ ์ํด QEC๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ํ๋กํ ํ์
์ฟผํฐ ๋ ์ดํธ ์ก์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 65nm CMOS์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์นฉ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค. QEC๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ก์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ๋ ฅ ์์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ 0.8ps์ ์๋ฅ ์ค๋ฅ๋ก ๊ฐ์ํ๊ณ , ์ถ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋์ ํญ๊ณผ ๋์ด๊ฐ 12.8Gbps์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์๋์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 84 %์ 61 % ๊ฐ์ ๋์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 MOTIVATION 1
1.1.1 HEAVY LOAD C/A CHANNEL 5
1.1.2 QUARTER-RATE ARCHITECTURE IN DQ TRANSMITTER 7
1.1.3 SUMMARY 8
1.2 THESIS ORGANIZATION 10
CHAPTER 2 ARCHITECTURE 11
2.1 MDS DIMM STRUCTURE 11
2.2 MDS CONTROLLER 15
2.3 MDS CONTROLLER PHY 17
2.3.1 INITIALIZATION SEQUENCE 20
2.3.2 LINK TRAINING FINITE-STATE MACHINE 23
2.3.3 POWER DOWN MODE 28
CHAPTER 3 PULSE-BASED FEED-FORWARD EQUALIZER 29
3.1 COMMAND/ADDRESS CHANNEL 29
3.2 COMMAND/ADDRESS TRANSMITTER 33
3.3 PULSE-BASED FEED-FORWARD EQUALIZER 35
CHAPTER 4 CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION 39
4.1 BUILDING BLOCKS 39
4.1.1 ALL-DIGITAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP (ADPLL) 39
4.1.2 ALL-DIGITAL DELAY-LOCKED LOOP (ADDLL) 44
4.1.3 GLITCH-FREE DCDL CONTROL 47
4.1.4 DUTY-CYCLE CORRECTOR (DCC) 50
4.1.5 DQ/DQS TRANSMITTER 52
4.1.6 DQ/DQS RECEIVER 54
4.1.7 ZQ CALIBRATION 56
4.2 MODELING AND VERIFICATION OF LINK TRAINING 59
4.3 BUILT-IN SELF-TEST CIRCUITS 66
CHAPTER 5 QUADRATURE ERROR CORRECTOR USING REPLICA SERIALIZERS AND PULSE-SHRINKING DELAY LINES 69
5.1 PHASE CORRECTION USING REPLICA SERIALIZERS AND PULSE-SHRINKING UNITS 69
5.2 OVERALL QEC ARCHITECTURE AND ITS OPERATION 71
5.3 FINE DELAY UNIT IN THE PSDL 76
CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 78
6.1 CONTROLLER PHY 78
6.2 PROTOTYPE QEC 88
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 94
BIBLIOGRAPHY 96Docto
Radiation Hardened by Design Methodologies for Soft-Error Mitigated Digital Architectures
abstract: Digital architectures for data encryption, processing, clock synthesis, data transfer, etc. are susceptible to radiation induced soft errors due to charge collection in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits (ICs). Radiation hardening by design (RHBD) techniques such as double modular redundancy (DMR) and triple modular redundancy (TMR) are used for error detection and correction respectively in such architectures. Multiple node charge collection (MNCC) causes domain crossing errors (DCE) which can render the redundancy ineffectual. This dissertation describes techniques to ensure DCE mitigation with statistical confidence for various designs. Both sequential and combinatorial logic are separated using these custom and computer aided design (CAD) methodologies.
Radiation vulnerability and design overhead are studied on VLSI sub-systems including an advanced encryption standard (AES) which is DCE mitigated using module level coarse separation on a 90-nm process with 99.999% DCE mitigation. A radiation hardened microprocessor (HERMES2) is implemented in both 90-nm and 55-nm technologies with an interleaved separation methodology with 99.99% DCE mitigation while achieving 4.9% increased cell density, 28.5 % reduced routing and 5.6% reduced power dissipation over the module fences implementation. A DMR register-file (RF) is implemented in 55 nm process and used in the HERMES2 microprocessor. The RF array custom design and the decoders APR designed are explored with a focus on design cycle time. Quality of results (QOR) is studied from power, performance, area and reliability (PPAR) perspective to ascertain the improvement over other design techniques.
A radiation hardened all-digital multiplying pulsed digital delay line (DDL) is designed for double data rate (DDR2/3) applications for data eye centering during high speed off-chip data transfer. The effect of noise, radiation particle strikes and statistical variation on the designed DDL are studied in detail. The design achieves the best in class 22.4 ps peak-to-peak jitter, 100-850 MHz range at 14 pJ/cycle energy consumption. Vulnerability of the non-hardened design is characterized and portions of the redundant DDL are separated in custom and auto-place and route (APR). Thus, a range of designs for mission critical applications are implemented using methodologies proposed in this work and their potential PPAR benefits explored in detail.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 201
PAM4-๋ฐ์ด๋๋ฆฌ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์นฉ์ฉ PAM4 ํธ๋์ค๋ฏธํฐ ์ค๊ณ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ ๊ธฐยท์ ๋ณด๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2022. 8. ์ ๋๊ท .๊ณ ์ฑ๋ฅ ์ปดํจํ
์์คํ
, ๋์ฉ๋์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ผํฐ, AI ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ์ ํต์ ์ ๋์ญํญ ์๊ตฌ ์์ค์ ๊ธฐํ๊ธ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ I/O ํ๋ก์ ํ๋น ๋์ญํญ์ ํฅ์์ ํต์ ์ฑ๋์ ๋ค์ํ ํ๊ณ๋ก ์ธํด ์ด๋ ค์์ ๊ฒช๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ฐจ์ธ๋ DRAM ๋ถ์ผ์์๋ ์์ธ๋ ์๋๋ค. ํ๋น ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ ์ก ์๋๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ์์๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ํ๊ณ์ ๋ด์ฐฉํ๋ฉด์ ์ต๊ทผ์๋ High Bandwidth Memory (HBM)์ ๊ฐ์ด ํ์ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๋๋ ค์ ๋์ญํญ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ๋ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ค ํ๊ฐ์ง๊ฐ ๋ค์ค ๋ ๋ฒจ ์ ํธ ๋ฐฉ์์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์ Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) ์ ํธ ๋์ ์ ๋ค์ค ๋ ๋ฒจ ์ ํธ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ฉด ๋์ผํ Nyquist ์ฃผํ์์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋์ผ ์ ์๊ณ ์ด๋ DRAM์ ์ฐจ์ธ๋ ๊ณ ๋์ญํญ I/O ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค์ ์ข์ ์๋ฃจ์
์ด ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง๋ 4๋ ๋ฒจ ํ์ค ์งํญ ๋ณ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ์ (PAM-4)์ด ๋๋ฆฌ ์ฑํ๋์ด ์๋ค.
ํ์ง๋ง ํ์ฌ PAM-4 ๋ฐฉ์ DRAM์ด ์์ฐ ๋จ๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ PAM-4 ์ ์ฉ Memory Tester๊ฐ ์๋ ์ํฉ์ด๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์ฐจ์ธ๋ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ์ํ 32 Gb/s PAM4 ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ฆฌ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง์์์ ํธ๋์ค๋ฏธํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. NRZ ํ
์คํฐ์์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง๋ก ์ ์ก๋ ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ๊ณ ์ PAM4 ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ก ๋ณํ๋์ด ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ ๋ฌ๋๋ค. ์ ์ง ์ข
๋จ PAM4 ๋๋ผ์ด๋ฒ๋ 2-ํญ ํผ๋ํฌ์๋ ์ดํ๋ผ์ด์ ๋ก ์ถ๋ ฅ ์ ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ ์ดํ์ฌ 0.95์ ๋ ๋ฒจ ๋ถ์ผ์น ๋น์จ (RLM)์ ๋ฌ์ฑํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋จ์ผ ์ข
๋จ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. 40 nm CMOS ๊ธฐ์ ๋ก ์ ์๋ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ํธ๋์ค๋ฏธํฐ๋ 0.57 mm2์ ํ์ฑ ์์ญ์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ 102.1 mW์ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์๋ชจํ๋ค.With the advancement of high-performance computing systems, large-capacity data centers, and AI technologies, the level of bandwidth demand for wired communication is increasing exponentially. However, the improvement of the bandwidth per pin in the I/O circuit compared to the required bandwidth level is difficult due to various limitations of the transmission channel. This is no exception in the next generation of DRAM. While facing limitations from the perspective of research that increases data transmission speed per pin, technologies that increase I/O bandwidth by rapidly increasing the number of pins, such as High Bandwidth Memory (HBM), have also recently developed.
One of the other approaches is a multi-level signaling method. Using a multi-level signaling method instead of a conventional Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) signal can increase data speed at the same Nyquist frequency, which can be a good solution for the next-generation high-bandwidth I/O interface of DRAM, and so far, a four-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-4) has been widely adopted.
However, since PAM4 DRAM is not in the mass production stage yet, there is no memory tester dedicated to PAM4 signaling. This paper proposes a transmitter block on a 32 Gb/s PAM4 binary bridge for next-generation memory testing. The low-speed data transmitted from the NRZ tester to the bridge is converted into high-speed PAM4 data through half-rate clock control and transferred to the memory. The ground termination PAM4 driver provides a single-ended output by controlling the output current with a two-tap feed forward equalizer to achieve a Level separation Mismatch Ratio (RLM) of 0.95. Bridge transmitter manufactured with 40 nm CMOS technology occupies an active area of 0.57 mm2 and consumes 102.1 mW of power.ABSTRACT I
CONTENTS โ
ข
LIST OF FIGURES โ
ค
LIST OF TABLES โ
ฆ
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 MOTIVATION 1
1.2 THESIS ORGANIZATION 4
CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUNDS 5
2.1 OVERVIEW 5
2.2 BASIC OF MULTI LEVEL SIGNALING 7
2.3 NECESSITY OF PAM4-BINARY BRIDGE 11
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF PAM4 TRANSMITTER FOR PAM4-BINARY BRIDGE 14
3.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION 14
3.2 OVERALL ARCHITECTURE 17
3.3 CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION 19
3.3.1 CLOCK GENERATOR 19
3.3.2 PARALLEL PRBS GENERATOR 23
3.3.3 DATA ALIGN / GRAY CODE ENDCODER 26
3.3.4 FFE CONTROL/ SERIALIZER 30
3.3.5 PAM4 DRIVER 33
CHAPTER 4 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 38
4.1 CHIP PHOTOMICROGRAPH 38
4.2 MEASUREMENT SETUP 39
4.3 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 40
4.4 PERFORMANCE SUMMARY 42
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY 47
์ด ๋ก 50์
Recent advances in the hardware architecture of flat display devices
Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Izmir, 2007Includes bibliographical References (leaves: 115-117)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxiii, 133 leavesThesis will describe processing board hardware design for flat panel displays with integrated digital reception, the design challenges in flat panel displays with integrated digital reception explained with details. Thesis also includes brief explanation of flat panel technology and processing blocks. Explanations of building blocks of TV and flat panel displays are given before design stage for better understanding of design stage. Hardware design stage of processing board is investigated in two major steps, schematic design and layout design. First step of the schematic design is system level block diagram design. Schematic diagram is the detailed application level hardware design and layout is the implementation level of the design. System level, application level and implementation level hardware design of the TV processing board is described with details in thesis. Design challenges, considerations and solutions are defined in advance for flat panel displays
Architectures and Algorithms for the Signal Processing of Advanced MIMO Radar Systems
This thesis focuses on the research, development and implementation of novel concepts, architectures, demonstrator systems and algorithms for the signal processing of advanced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radar systems. The key concept is to address compact system, which have high resolutions and are able to perform a fast radar signal processing, three-dimensional (3D), and four-dimensional (4D) beamforming for radar image generation and target estimation. The idea is to obtain a complete sensing of range, Azimuth and elevation (additionally Doppler as the fourth dimension) from the targets in the radar captures. The radar technology investigated, aims at addressing sev- eral civil and military applications, such as surveillance and detection of targets, both air and ground based, and situational awareness, both in cars and in flying platforms, from helicopters, to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and air-taxis.
Several major topics have been targeted. The development of complete systems and innovative FPGA, ARM and software based digital architectures for 3D imaging MIMO radars, which operate in both Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Frequency Divi- sion Multiplexing (FDM) modes, with Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals, respectively. The de- velopment of real-time radar signal processing, beamforming and Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) algorithms for target detection, with particular focus on FFT based, hardware implementable techniques. The study and implementation of advanced system concepts, parametrisation and simulation of next generation real-time digital radars (e.g. OFDM based). The design and development of novel constant envelope orthogonal waveforms for real-time 3D OFDM MIMO radar systems.
The MIMO architectures presented in this thesis are a collection of system concepts, de- sign and simulations, as well as complete radar demonstrators systems, with indoor and outdoor measurements. Several of the results shown, come in the form of radar images which have been captured in field-test, in different scenarios, which aid in showing the proper functionality of the systems.
The research activities for this thesis, have been carried out on the premises of Air- bus, based in Munich (Germany), as part of a Ph.D. candidate joint program between Airbus and the Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture (Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura), of the University of Udine, based in Udine (Italy).Questa tesi si concentra sulla ricerca, lo sviluppo e l\u2019implementazione di nuovi concetti, architetture, sistemi dimostrativi e algoritmi per l\u2019elaborazione dei segnali in sistemi radar avanzati, basati su tecnologia Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). Il con- cetto chiave `e quello di ottenere sistemi compatti, dalle elevate risoluzioni e in grado di eseguire un\u2019elaborazione del segnale radar veloce, un beam-forming tri-dimensionale (3D) e quadri-dimensionale (4D) per la generazione di immagini radar e la stima delle informazioni dei bersagli, detti target. L\u2019idea `e di ottenere una stima completa, che includa la distanza, l\u2019Azimuth e l\u2019elevazione (addizionalmente Doppler come quarta di- mensione) dai target nelle acquisizioni radar. La tecnologia radar indagata ha lo scopo di affrontare diverse applicazioni civili e militari, come la sorveglianza e la rilevazione di targets, sia a livello aereo che a terra, e la consapevolezza situazionale, sia nelle auto che nelle piattaforme di volo, dagli elicotteri, ai Unmanned Aerial Vehicels (UAV) e taxi volanti (air-taxis).
Le tematiche affrontante sono molte. Lo sviluppo di sistemi completi e di architetture digitali innovative, basate su tecnologia FPGA, ARM e software, per radar 3D MIMO, che operano in modalit`a Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) e Multiplexing Frequency Diversion (FDM), con segnali di tipo FMCW (Frequency Modulated Contin- uous Wave) e Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), rispettivamente. Lo sviluppo di tecniche di elaborazione del segnale radar in tempo reale, algoritmi di beam-forming e di stima della direzione di arrivo, Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA), dei seg- nali radar, per il rilevamento dei target, con particolare attenzione a processi basati su trasformate di Fourier (FFT). Lo studio e l\u2019implementazione di concetti di sistema avan- zati, parametrizzazione e simulazione di radar digitali di prossima generazione, capaci di operare in tempo reale (ad esempio basati su architetture OFDM). Progettazione e sviluppo di nuove forme d\u2019onda ortogonali ad inviluppo costante per sistemi radar 3D di tipo OFDM MIMO, operanti in tempo reale.
Le attivit`a di ricerca di questa tesi sono state svolte presso la compagnia Airbus, con sede a Monaco di Baviera (Germania), nell\u2019ambito di un programma di dottorato, svoltosi in maniera congiunta tra Airbus ed il Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura dell\u2019Universit`a di Udine, con sede a Udine
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