A survey: Issues and challenges of communication technologies in WBAN

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) refers to a group of small intelligent electronic devices placed on the human body to monitor its vital signals. It provides a continuous health monitoring of a patient without any constraint on his/her normal daily life activities through the health care applications. Due to the strong heterogeneous nature of the applications, data rates will vary strongly, ranging from simple data at a few Kbits/s to the video stream of several Kbits/s. Data can also be sent in bursts, which means that it is sent at a higher data rate during the bursts. This study covers the main requirements of communication technologies that are used in WBAN comprise of two major parts. The first part, which presents the short-range classification, gives a specialized outline of a few standard wireless technologies that are short-ranged. These are introduced as contenders for intra-BAN communications for communications inside a Body Area Network (BAN) and between the elements

Sistema de baixo custo para monitoramento e alerta remoto da temperatura de medicamentos termolábeis, com base em tecnologia Edge Computing, BLE e IoT

Dissertação (mestrado) — Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Mestrado Profissional em Engenharia Elétrica, 2022.Considerando que a saúde é um dos grandes pilares da sociedade, conjuntura reforçada pelas tragédias e a grande sequência de perdas decorrentes da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), objetiva-se desenvolver uma solução de baixo custo para facilitar o monitoramento remoto de itens termolábeis (sensíveis às variações de temperatura), evitando que recursos valiosos sejam perdidos em decorrência do desdobramento de eventos adversos. Para tanto, procede-se à pesquisa e fusão de tecnologias robustas para conceber um equipamento confiável e com melhor custo vs benefício, desenvolvendo a integração e formação da arquitetura adequada para o ambiente em questão, implementando um sistema inteligente que perceba a situação adversa e envie uma notificação ao WhatsApp do responsável, a qualquer hora do dia. Para isso, foi utilizado um microprocessador ESP-32 como concentrador e processador de dados e um termômetro Bluetooth Low Energy alimentado a bateria, com intuito de simplificar a fixação no interior dos refrigeradores sem a necessidade de fios. Desse modo, observa-se que o sistema concebido neste trabalho, atende satisfatoriamente ao pressuposto, evidenciado através de testes em laboratório, em campo e estudos estatísticos, o que permite concluir que se trata de uma solução atraente e promissora, direcionada a ajudar a cadeia do frio e o manuseio de itens termolábeis, em especial as vacinas. Principalmente por ser um sistema de alerta remoto, simples e de baixo custo, utilizando tecnologias emergentes.Considering that health is one of the great pillars of society, a situation reinforced by tragedies and the large sequence of losses resulting from the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, the objective is to develop a low-cost solution to facilitate monitoring. of thermolabile items (sensitive to temperature variations), preventing valuable resources from being lost as a result of the unfolding of adverse events. Therefore, research and fusion of robust technologies is carried out to design reliable equipment with better cost vs benefit, developing the integration and formation of the appropriate architecture for the environment in question, implementing an intelligent system that perceives the adverse situation and sends a notification to the person responsible’s WhatsApp, at any time of the day. For this, an ESP-32 microprocessor was used as a data concentrator and processor and a battery-powered Bluetooth Low Energy thermometer, in order to simplify the installation inside the refrigerators without the need for wires. In this way, it is observed that the system conceived in this work satisfactorily meets the assumption, evidenced through laboratory and field tests and statistical studies, which allows us to conclude that it is an attractive and promising solution, aimed at helping the supply chain. from the cold and the handling of thermolabile items, especially vaccines. Mainly because it is a simple and low-cost remote alert system, using emerging technologies

Analysis and Design of Energy Efficient Frequency Synthesizers for Wireless Integrated Systems

Advances in ultra-low power (ULP) circuit technologies are expanding the IoT applications in our daily life. However, wireless connectivity, small form factor and long lifetime are still the key constraints for many envisioned wearable, implantable and maintenance-free monitoring systems to be practically deployed at a large scale. The frequency synthesizer is one of the most power hungry and complicated blocks that not only constraints RF performance but also offers subtle scalability with power as well. Furthermore, the only indispensable off-chip component, the crystal oscillator, is also associated with the frequency synthesizer as a reference. This thesis addresses the above issues by analyzing how phase noise of the LO affect the frequency modulated wireless system in different aspects and how different noise sources in the PLL affect the performance. Several chip prototypes have been demonstrated including: 1) An ULP FSK transmitter with SAR assisted FLL; 2) A ring oscillator based all-digital BLE transmitter utilizing a quarter RF frequency LO and 4X frequency multiplier; and 3) An XO-less BLE transmitter with an RF reference recovery receiver. The first 2 designs deal with noise sources in the PLL loop for ultimate power and cost reduction, while the third design deals with the reference noise outside the PLL and explores a way to replace the XO in ULP wireless edge nodes. And at last, a comprehensive PN theory is proposed as the design guideline.PHDElectrical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153420/1/chenxing_1.pd

RF CMOS Oscillators for Modern Wireless Applications

While mobile phones enjoy the largest production volume ever of any consumer electronics products, the demands they place on radio-frequency (RF) transceivers are particularly aggressive, especially on integration with digital processors, low area, low power consumption, while being robust against process-voltage-temperature variations. Since mobile terminals inherently operate on batteries, their power budget is severely constrained. To keep up with the ever increasing data-rate, an ever-decreasing power per bit is required to maintain the battery lifetime. The RF oscillator is the second most power-hungry block of a wireless radio (after power amplifiers). Consequently, any power reduction in an RF oscillator will greatly benefit the overall power efficiency of the cellular transceiver. Moreover, the RF oscillators' purity limits the transceiver performance. The oscillator's phase noise results in power leakage into adjacent channels in a transmit mode and reciprocal mixing in a receive mode. On the other hand, the multi-standard and multi-band transceivers that are now trending demand wide tuning range oscillators. However, broadening the oscillator’s tuning range is usually at the expense of die area (cost) or phase noise. The main goal of this book is to bring forth the exciting and innovative RF oscillator structures that demonstrate better phase noise performance, lower cost, and higher power efficiency than currently achievable. Technical topics discussed in RF CMOS Oscillators for Modern Wireless Applications include: Design and analysis of low phase-noise class-F oscillators Analyze a technique to reduce 1/f noise up-conversion in the oscillators Design and analysis of low power/low voltage oscillators Wide tuning range oscillators Reliability study of RF oscillators in nanoscale CMO

RF CMOS Oscillators for Modern Wireless Applications

While mobile phones enjoy the largest production volume ever of any consumer electronics products, the demands they place on radio-frequency (RF) transceivers are particularly aggressive, especially on integration with digital processors, low area, low power consumption, while being robust against process-voltage-temperature variations. Since mobile terminals inherently operate on batteries, their power budget is severely constrained. To keep up with the ever increasing data-rate, an ever-decreasing power per bit is required to maintain the battery lifetime. The RF oscillator is the second most power-hungry block of a wireless radio (after power amplifiers). Consequently, any power reduction in an RF oscillator will greatly benefit the overall power efficiency of the cellular transceiver. Moreover, the RF oscillators' purity limits the transceiver performance. The oscillator's phase noise results in power leakage into adjacent channels in a transmit mode and reciprocal mixing in a receive mode. On the other hand, the multi-standard and multi-band transceivers that are now trending demand wide tuning range oscillators. However, broadening the oscillator’s tuning range is usually at the expense of die area (cost) or phase noise. The main goal of this book is to bring forth the exciting and innovative RF oscillator structures that demonstrate better phase noise performance, lower cost, and higher power efficiency than currently achievable. Technical topics discussed in RF CMOS Oscillators for Modern Wireless Applications include: Design and analysis of low phase-noise class-F oscillators Analyze a technique to reduce 1/f noise up-conversion in the oscillators Design and analysis of low power/low voltage oscillators Wide tuning range oscillators Reliability study of RF oscillators in nanoscale CMO