A survey on generative adversarial networks for imbalance problems in computer vision tasks

Any computer vision application development starts off by acquiring images and data, then preprocessing and pattern recognition steps to perform a task. When the acquired images are highly imbalanced and not adequate, the desired task may not be achievable. Unfortunately, the occurrence of imbalance problems in acquired image datasets in certain complex real-world problems such as anomaly detection, emotion recognition, medical image analysis, fraud detection, metallic surface defect detection, disaster prediction, etc., are inevitable. The performance of computer vision algorithms can significantly deteriorate when the training dataset is imbalanced. In recent years, Generative Adversarial Neural Networks (GANs) have gained immense attention by researchers across a variety of application domains due to their capability to model complex real-world image data. It is particularly important that GANs can not only be used to generate synthetic images, but also its fascinating adversarial learning idea showed good potential in restoring balance in imbalanced datasets. In this paper, we examine the most recent developments of GANs based techniques for addressing imbalance problems in image data. The real-world challenges and implementations of synthetic image generation based on GANs are extensively covered in this survey. Our survey first introduces various imbalance problems in computer vision tasks and its existing solutions, and then examines key concepts such as deep generative image models and GANs. After that, we propose a taxonomy to summarize GANs based techniques for addressing imbalance problems in computer vision tasks into three major categories: 1. Image level imbalances in classification, 2. object level imbalances in object detection and 3. pixel level imbalances in segmentation tasks. We elaborate the imbalance problems of each group, and provide GANs based solutions in each group. Readers will understand how GANs based techniques can handle the problem of imbalances and boost performance of the computer vision algorithms

Deep representation learning: Fundamentals, Perspectives, Applications, and Open Challenges

Machine Learning algorithms have had a profound impact on the field of computer science over the past few decades. These algorithms performance is greatly influenced by the representations that are derived from the data in the learning process. The representations learned in a successful learning process should be concise, discrete, meaningful, and able to be applied across a variety of tasks. A recent effort has been directed toward developing Deep Learning models, which have proven to be particularly effective at capturing high-dimensional, non-linear, and multi-modal characteristics. In this work, we discuss the principles and developments that have been made in the process of learning representations, and converting them into desirable applications. In addition, for each framework or model, the key issues and open challenges, as well as the advantages, are examined

Automated Detection and Forecasting of COVID-19 using Deep Learning Techniques: A Review

Coronavirus, or COVID-19, is a hazardous disease that has endangered the health of many people around the world by directly affecting the lungs. COVID-19 is a medium-sized, coated virus with a single-stranded RNA. This virus has one of the largest RNA genomes and is approximately 120 nm. The X-Ray and computed tomography (CT) imaging modalities are widely used to obtain a fast and accurate medical diagnosis. Identifying COVID-19 from these medical images is extremely challenging as it is time-consuming, demanding, and prone to human errors. Hence, artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies can be used to obtain consistent high performance. Among the AI methodologies, deep learning (DL) networks have gained much popularity compared to traditional machine learning (ML) methods. Unlike ML techniques, all stages of feature extraction, feature selection, and classification are accomplished automatically in DL models. In this paper, a complete survey of studies on the application of DL techniques for COVID-19 diagnostic and automated segmentation of lungs is discussed, concentrating on works that used X-Ray and CT images. Additionally, a review of papers on the forecasting of coronavirus prevalence in different parts of the world with DL techniques is presented. Lastly, the challenges faced in the automated detection of COVID-19 using DL techniques and directions for future research are discussed

Medical Image Analysis using Deep Relational Learning

In the past ten years, with the help of deep learning, especially the rapid development of deep neural networks, medical image analysis has made remarkable progress. However, how to effectively use the relational information between various tissues or organs in medical images is still a very challenging problem, and it has not been fully studied. In this thesis, we propose two novel solutions to this problem based on deep relational learning. First, we propose a context-aware fully convolutional network that effectively models implicit relation information between features to perform medical image segmentation. The network achieves the state-of-the-art segmentation results on the Multi Modal Brain Tumor Segmentation 2017 (BraTS2017) and Multi Modal Brain Tumor Segmentation 2018 (BraTS2018) data sets. Subsequently, we propose a new hierarchical homography estimation network to achieve accurate medical image mosaicing by learning the explicit spatial relationship between adjacent frames. We use the UCL Fetoscopy Placenta dataset to conduct experiments and our hierarchical homography estimation network outperforms the other state-of-the-art mosaicing methods while generating robust and meaningful mosaicing result on unseen frames.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2007.0778

Automated brain lesion segmentation in magnetic resonance images

In this thesis, we investigate the potential of automation in brain lesion segmentation in magnetic resonance images. We first develop a novel supervised method, which segments regions in magnetic resonance images using gated recurrent units, provided training data with pixel-wise annotations on what to segment is available. We improve on this method using the latest technical advances in the field of machine learning and insights on possible weaknesses of our method, and adapt it specifically for the task of lesion segmentation in the brain. We show the feasibility of our approach on multiple public benchmarks, consistently reaching positions at the top of the list of competing methods. Adapting our problem successfully to the problem of landmark localization, we show the generalizability of the approach. Moving away from large training cohorts with manual segmentations to data where it is only known that a certain pathology is present, we propose a weakly-supervised segmentation approach. Given a set of images with known pathology of a certain kind and a healthy reference set, our formulation can segment the difference of the two data distributions. Lastly, we show how information from already existing lesion maps can be extracted in a meaningful way by connecting lesions across time in longitudinal studies. We hence present a full tool set for the automated processing of lesions in magnetic resonance images

RETINAL OCT IMAGE ANALYSIS USING DEEP LEARNING

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging modality which uses low-coherence light waves to take cross-sectional images of optical scattering media. OCT has been widely used in diagnosing retinal and neural diseases by imaging the human retina. The thicknesses of retinal layers are important biomarkers for neurological diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). The peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and ganglion cell plus inner plexiform layer (GCIP) thickness can be used to assess the global disease progression of MS patients. Automated OCT image analysis tools are critical for quantitatively monitoring disease progression and exploring biomarkers. With the development of more powerful computational resources, deep learning based methods have achieved much better performance in accuracy, speed, and algorithm flexibility for many image analysis tasks. However, without task-specific modifications, these emerging deep learning methods are not satisfactory if directly applied to tasks like retinal layer segmentation. In this thesis, we present a set of novel deep learning based methods for OCT image analysis. Specifically, we focus on automated retinal layer segmentation from macular OCT images. The first problem we address is that existing deep learning methods do not incorporate explicit anatomical rules and cannot guarantee the layer segmentation hierarchy~(pixels of the upper layers should have no overlap or gap with pixels of layers beneath it). To solve this, we developed an efficient fully convolutional network to generate structured layer surfaces with correct topology that is also able to perform retinal lesion~(cysts or edema) segmentation. The second problem we addressed is that the segmentation uncertainty reduces the sensitivity of detecting mild retinal changes in MS patients over time. To solve this, we developed a longitudinal deep learning pipeline that considers both inter-slice and longitudinal segmentation priors to achieve a more consistent segmentation for monitoring patient-specific retinal changes. The third problem we addressed is that the performance of the deep learning models will degrade when test data is generated from different scanners~(domain shift). We address this problem by developing a novel test-time domain adaptation method. Different from existing solutions, our model can dynamically adapt to each test subject during inference without time-consuming retraining. Our deep networks achieved state-of-the-art segmentation accuracy, speed, and flexibility compared to the existing methods

A Review on Brain Tumor Segmentation Based on Deep Learning Methods with Federated Learning Techniques

Brain tumors have become a severe medical complication in recent years due to their high fatality rate. Radiologists segment the tumor manually, which is time-consuming, error-prone, and expensive. In recent years, automated segmentation based on deep learning has demonstrated promising results in solving computer vision problems such as image classification and segmentation. Brain tumor segmentation has recently become a prevalent task in medical imaging to determine the tumor location, size, and shape using automated methods. Many researchers have worked on various machine and deep learning approaches to determine the most optimal solution using the convolutional methodology. In this review paper, we discuss the most effective segmentation techniques based on the datasets that are widely used and publicly available. We also proposed a survey of federated learning methodologies to enhance global segmentation performance and ensure privacy. A comprehensive literature review is suggested after studying more than 100 papers to generalize the most recent techniques in segmentation and multi-modality information. Finally, we concentrated on unsolved problems in brain tumor segmentation and a client-based federated model training strategy. Based on this review, future researchers will understand the optimal solution path to solve these issues

Unveiling the frontiers of deep learning: innovations shaping diverse domains

Deep learning (DL) enables the development of computer models that are capable of learning, visualizing, optimizing, refining, and predicting data. In recent years, DL has been applied in a range of fields, including audio-visual data processing, agriculture, transportation prediction, natural language, biomedicine, disaster management, bioinformatics, drug design, genomics, face recognition, and ecology. To explore the current state of deep learning, it is necessary to investigate the latest developments and applications of deep learning in these disciplines. However, the literature is lacking in exploring the applications of deep learning in all potential sectors. This paper thus extensively investigates the potential applications of deep learning across all major fields of study as well as the associated benefits and challenges. As evidenced in the literature, DL exhibits accuracy in prediction and analysis, makes it a powerful computational tool, and has the ability to articulate itself and optimize, making it effective in processing data with no prior training. Given its independence from training data, deep learning necessitates massive amounts of data for effective analysis and processing, much like data volume. To handle the challenge of compiling huge amounts of medical, scientific, healthcare, and environmental data for use in deep learning, gated architectures like LSTMs and GRUs can be utilized. For multimodal learning, shared neurons in the neural network for all activities and specialized neurons for particular tasks are necessary.Comment: 64 pages, 3 figures, 3 table