A Survey on Ship Collision Risk Evaluation

Recently, ship collision avoidance has become essential due to the emergence of special vessels like chemical tankers and VLCCs (very large crude carriers), etc. The information needed for safe navigation is obtained by combining electrical equipment with real-time visual information. However, misjudgements and human errors are the major cause of ship collisions according to research data. The decision support system of Collision avoidance is an advantageous facility to make up for this. Collision risk evaluation is one of the most important problems in collision avoidance decision supporting system. A review is presented of different approaches to evaluate the collision risk in maritime transportation. In such a context, the basic concepts and definitions of collision risk and their evaluation are described. The review focuses on three categories of numerical models of collision risk calculation: methods based on traffic flow theory, ship domain and methods based on dCPA and tCPA

Evaluation of the Wadden Sea Particularly sensitive Sea Area. On behalf of the Common Wadden Sea Secretariat.

The purpose of this document is to present the high level outcomes for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the Wadden Sea PSSA, seven years after its designation by the IMO. Key changes with regard to IMO and EU shipping policy are identified and described, followed by a review of ‘expert’ opinion focused on the issues relating to PSSAs. The development of an evaluative framework and the resulting findings are introduced and discussed in context. Using existing data against this evaluative framework we conclude that six key elements require action in order to fully describe the efficacy of the designation, and our recommendations to address these concerns are presented.<br/

Investigation of the Influences of Human Error Factor in Maritime Transportation

Marine transport has a vital role in people and cargo transport across the world, where, more than 90% of the world’s cargo transports by merchant ships. Marine transport industry is considered one of the huge and high-risk industries. This clarify why safety is one of the imperatives of the maritime industry and which highly affect the success and efficient exist of this industry. Therefore, reducing the associate risks and improving maritime safety are of the essential requirements for main marine transport industry. There are many parameters contributing into improving maritime safety and reducing the associate risks of accidents. Efforts are presented and attention is given by shipping industry toward that. This is mainly by focusing in safety regulations, improving ship’s structural design and construction methodologies and techniques and by improving ship’s systems operation and reliability. Accordingly, improvements in ship’s hull design, building processes and methodologies; utilization of advanced technologies and equipment and improving ships legislation and regulations have been clearly noticed. Instead of that, the maritime casualty rate and accidents are still high. This is because ship structure and system reliability are a relatively small part of the safety equation. Where, ship safety is highly affected by human actions as the majority of maritime accidents are consequences of human error. Meanwhile, human factors have the largest share in marine accidents, where, more than 80% of marine accidents have been caused by human error. Therefore, human error is one of the most important issues concerning global maritime communities and it is one of the important factors in the assessment of maritime accidents. Several studies are conducted to assess the contribution of human factors in maritime accidents in order to reduce the overall number of marine accidents. The study of human behavior in the field of marine activities is challenging task due to the difficulties, expenses, and time-consuming factors. Moreover, there is lack of information on the role of human in marine accidents. This study aiming at presenting the effect of human errors in the overall maritime safety. This is through analyzing 98 of ships accidents happened during 2014-2017 to investigate the main parameters contributing in these accidents, identify human error related causes and estimate the overall contribution of the human error causes to the occurrence of these accidents. The results of the analysis indicated that 75% of the causes of the registered accidents were due to human error. In order to provide details about the contribution of the human error to the overall ship accidents causes, analysis to the reported accidents by European Marine Casualty Information Platform from 2011-2017 for cargo ships, fishing vessels, passenger ships and service ships. The results of survey indicated high contribution of human error to the causes of ships accidents, where it represents: • 62.2% of the total of 156 accidental events analyzed of service ships • 60.8% of the total of 781 accidental events analyzed of cargo ships • 54.4% of the total of 338 accidental events analyzed of fishing vessels • 51.4% of the total of 319 accidental events analyzed of passenger ships Moreover, a detailed analysis of a collision case study between Kuwaiti oil tanker “Kaifan” and cargo ship “Unison Star” collided at Chittagong - Bangladesh anchorage area (2017). The analysis of the collision case study conducted using step-by-step events evaluation technique and a systematic process for accident investigation based on comprehensive and multi linear description of events sequences using STEP methodology to investigate rout causes of the collision and identify the contribution of human error causes. The results of investigation clearly prove the contribution of human error as a main factor led to collision. In addition, this thesis investigates collision avoidance procedures, which use a dedicated negotiation and communication system to optimize locally found trajectories according to a global performance measure. This is by introducing, discussing and analyzing of three ship collisions avoidance algorithms based on multiple‐ship situations, which are the Distributed Local Search Algorithm (DLSA), the Distributed Tabu Search Algorithm (DTSA) and the Distributed Stochastic Search Algorithm (DSSA) Furthermore, in experimental results, compared to DLSA and DTSA, DSSA produced good results, such as decreasing the number of messages. Therefore, DSSA enables ships to exchange significantly fewer messages than DLSA and DTSA then I developed a mathematical algorithm for the risk assessment and collision avoidance and calculating collision risk index and present a criteria to be applied and present the MATLAB code which used to calculate collision risk index. Finally, the thesis ended by detailed conclusions, remarks and recommendations to improve maritime safety and improving human factor by eliminating the concerned associated errors.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Motivation and Problem Identification 1 1.2 Ship Accident Types 2 1.3 Human Error Definition 4 1.4 Research Questions 5 1.5 Aim and Objectives 6 1.6 Contribution 7 1.7 Thesis Structure 8 Chapter 2 Literature Review 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Investigation the Causes of Marine Accident 10 2.2.1 Gained Points from Literature Review 14 2.2.2 Human Errors Contribution on Maritime Accidents 14 2.2.3 Gained Points from Literature Review of Human Error Contribution 17 2.3 Marine Accident Investigation Methods 18 2.3.1 Events and Causal Factors Charting (ECFC) 18 2.3.2 STEP (Sequential Timed Events Plotting) 21 2.3.3 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 22 2.3.4 Event Tree Analysis 23 2.3.5 Root Cause Analysis 25 2.3.6 SHELL Analysis Method 27 2.3.7 Step-By-Step Approach 29 Chapter 3 Analysis and Investigation of Human Error Influences on Maritime Transportation 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Analysis of KOTC’s Ships Accidents 31 3.2.1 Statistical Survey of KOTC’s Ships Accidents 31 3.2.2 Human Error Types on Ship Accidents 36 3.3 Analysis of Ship Accidents Types and Causes Reported By EMCIP 39 3.4 Human Error Contribution to the Overall Ships Accidents (2011 – 2017) 42 Chapter 4 Detailed Analysis Methodology of KOTC Ship Accident Case Study 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Description of Chittagong – Bangladesh Port 55 4.3 Description of Vessels 59 4.3.1 Kaifan Oil Tanker 59 4.3.2 Unison Star Bulk Carrier 62 4.4 Collision Case Study 64 4.4.1 Course of Events 64 4.4.2 Comprehensive and Multi-Linear Description of the Accident Process 68 4.4.3 Collision Consequences 71 4.4.4 Results and Discussion 73 4.5 Recommendation 75 Chapter 5 Ships Collision Avoidance Algorithm 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Framework and Terminology 78 5.2.1 Framework 78 5.2.2 Terminology 80 5.2.3 Cost and Improvement 84 5.3 Distributed Local Search Algorithm 87 5.3.1 Reason of Selection 87 5.3.2 DLSA Procedure 88 5.3.3 Results 91 5.4 Distributed Tabu Search Algorithm 92 5.4.1 Reason of Selection 92 5.4.2 DTSA Procedure 93 5.4.3 Simulation 96 5.4.4 Results 101 5.5 Distributed Stochastic Search Algorithm 101 5.5.1 Reason of Selection 101 5.5.2 DSSA Procedure 102 5.5.3 Simulation 103 5.5.4 Results 105 5.6 Comparative Analysis between Distributed Algorithms 106 5.6.1 Results 109 Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 110 6.1 Conclusions 110 6.2 Recommendation 115 Acknowledgement 118 References 119 Appendix (A) Mathematical Collision Avoidance Algorithm 125Docto

Conservation science in NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuaries: description and recent accomplishments

This report describes cases relating to the management of national marine sanctuaries in which certain scientific information was required so managers could make decisions that effectively protected trust resources. The cases presented represent only a fraction of difficult issues that marine sanctuary managers deal with daily. They include, among others, problems related to wildlife disturbance, vessel routing, marine reserve placement, watershed management, oil spill response, and habitat restoration. Scientific approaches to address these problems vary significantly, and include literature surveys, data mining, field studies (monitoring, mapping, observations, and measurement), geospatial and biogeographic analysis, and modeling. In most cases there is also an element of expert consultation and collaboration among multiple partners, agencies with resource protection responsibilities, and other users and stakeholders. The resulting management responses may involve direct intervention (e.g., for spill response or habitat restoration issues), proposal of boundary alternatives for marine sanctuaries or reserves, changes in agency policy or regulations, making recommendations to other agencies with resource protection responsibilities, proposing changes to international or domestic shipping rules, or development of new education or outreach programs. (PDF contains 37 pages.

The External Cost of European Crude Oil Imports

This paper is the first to assess operational and probabilistic externalities of oil extraction and transportation to Europe on the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of realistic future oil demand-supply scenarios, of the relative relevance of import routes, of the local specificities in terms of critical passages and different burdens and impacts along import routes. The resulting externalities appear reasonable both under the assumption of high future demand and under low demand. Estimates range from 2.32 Euro in 2030 in the low demand scenario to 2.60 Euro in 2010 in the high demand scenario per ton of imported oil.Oil Transport, Externalities Oil Spills, Risk Analysis

Admiralty: Rights of Contribution and Exoneration Established Between Coextensive Maintenance and Cure Obligors

Emphasizing the extent of equity discretion available to admiralty courts, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled that maintenance and cure expenses resulting from a seaman\u27s recurring injury should be borne equally by the obligor liable for the original injury and the owner in whose employ the injury was heightened. However, where the injury has resulted from the violation of a duty owed the seaman by either obligor, the total liability is the responsibility of the offending party. Although determining the extent of contribution in an inequitable albeit facile manner, the decision bars arbitrary imposition of liability and significantly indicates judicial disfavor of the traditional impediments to loss distribution in maritime law

Effect and Improvement Areas for Port State Control Inspections to Decrease the Probability of Casualty

This report is the fourth part of a PhD project called "The Econometrics of Maritime Safety – Recommendations to Enhance Safety at Sea" and is based on 183,000 port state control inspections and 11,700 casualties from various data sources. Its overall objective is to provide recommendations to improve safety at sea. The fourth part looks into measuring the effect of inspections on the probability of casualty on either seriousness or casualty first event to show the differences across the regimes. It further gives a link of casualties that were found during inspections with either the seriousness of casualties and casualty first events which reveals three areas of improvement possibilities to potentially decrease the probability of a casualty – the ISM code, machinery and equipment and ship and cargo operations.maritime safety;correspondence analysis;binary logistic regression;probability of casualty;improvement;Port State Control Effectiveness;casualty first events;detention;port state control deficiences;target factor