Rent control and misallocation

The paper considers welfare effects of rent control when it is applied only in a sector of a rental housing market. In rent controlled sectors of the Danish rental housing market, we find welfare reducing overallocation of square meters between 9 and 17 per cent of actual allocations. Looking at the 20 per cent most overallocated households, the overallocation of square meters is between 42 and 92 per cent, and the estimated corresponding welfare loss ranges from 1.5 to 5.3 per cent of the average annual rent in the sectors.Rent control; Housing; Regulation; Price ceiling; Rationing; Allocation

EITC is vital for working-poor families in rural America

In the 2004 tax year, tax filers claimed almost $40 billion through the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), making the EITC one of the largest federal programs that provides cash supports to low-income working families in the United States. The EITC is especially important to rural families throughout the United States. Among poor and near-poor families, those in rural areas are more likely to be working, and they are more likely to be working in low-wage jobs

Investigation of economic design procedure for a rigid frame

This work presents an analysis of various arrangements of component parts of a rigid frame. From this analysis a procedure is indicated for a logical choice of member sizes for a first trial selection of a frame for given loading conditions. The first trial solution yields a frame which is in the range of an economical design --Abstract, page 2

Chronic dietary intake of enniatin B in broiler chickens has low impact on intestinal morphometry and hepatic histology, and shows limited transfer to liver tissue

The Fusarium mycotoxin enniatin B (ENN B) is a so-called emerging mycotoxin frequently contaminating poultry feed. To investigate the impact of chronic ENN B exposure on animal health, broiler chickens were fed either a diet naturally contaminated with ENN B (2352 mu g/kg) or a control diet (135 mu g/kg) for 2, 7, 14, or 21 days. ENN B concentrations were determined in plasma and liver using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry UHPLC-MS/MS method. Liver was evaluated histologically, and the villus length and crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were measured. Histopathology of the livers did not reveal major abnormalities. Feeding an ENN B-contaminated diet could possibly inhibit the proliferation of enterocytes in the duodenal crypts, but did not affect villus length, crypt depth, or villus length-crypt depth ratio of the jejunum and ileum. ENN B levels in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the ENN B-fed group and ranged between <25-264 pg/mL and <0.05-0.85 ng/g, respectively. ENN B carry-over rates from feed to liver tissue were 0.005-0.014% and 0.034-0.109% in the ENN B and control group, respectively. Carry-over rates were low and indicated a limited contribution of poultry tissue-derived products to the total dietary ENN B intake for humans. The above results support the opinion of the European Food Safety Authority stating that adverse health effects from ENN B in broiler chickens are unlikely

Do donors care about declining trade revenue from liberalization? an analysis of bilateral aid allocation

Many developing-country governments rely heavily on trade tax revenue. Therefore, trade liberalization can be a potential source of significant fiscal instability and may affect government spending on development activities-at least in the short run. This article investigates whether donors use aid to compensate recipient nations for lost trade revenue or perhaps to reward them for moving toward freer trade regimes. The authors do not find empirical evidence supporting such motives. This is of some concern because binding government revenue constraints may hinder development prospects of some poorer nations. The authors use fixed effects to control for the usual political, strategic, and other considerations for aid allocations.

P-V-T Behavior of 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (HFO-1234yf) in the Vapor Phase from (243 to 373) K

The P-V-T properties of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CF 3 CFdCH 2 , HFO-1234yf), an environmentally friendly refrigerant, were measured using a constant volume apparatus. Measurements were carried out at temperatures from (243 to 373) K and at pressures from (84 to 3716) kPa. A total of 136 experimental points, taken along 12 isochores, were obtained. Our experimental results were compared with a preliminary equation of state. The measurements were also regressed to the Martin-Hou equation of state. No other data on this fluid were found in the literature for the superheated region

Hydrogen bonded complexes between nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, nitrous acid and water with SiH3OH and Si(OH)4

The inter-conversion of nitrogen oxides and oxy acids on silica surfaces is of major atmospheric importance. As a preliminary step towards rationalising experimental observations, and understanding the mechanisms behind such reactions we have looked at the binding energies of NO2, N2O4, HNO3, HONO and H2O with simple proxies of a silica surface, namely SiH3OH and Si(OH)4 units. The geometries of these molecular clusters were optimised at both HF/6-311+G(d) and B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level of theory. The SCF energies of the species were determined at the HF/6-311++G(3df,2pd) and B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2pd) level. The values indicate that nitric acid is by far the most strongly bound species, in agreement with experimental observations. It was also found that the dimer N2O4 is significantly more strongly bound to the Si(OH)4 and SiH3OH units than NO2 itself. The vibrational frequencies calculated for the hydrogen-bonded complexes are compared to the experimentally observed frequencies of the adsorbed species where possible