701 research outputs found
âA Calamity From Which No Relief Can Be Expectedâ: Empire, Authority, and Civilian Responses to the French Occupation of Newfoundland, June-September 1762
As customary socio-economic relationships between the inhabitants of Newfoundland broke down, normal patterns of exchange ceased to function during the 18th century. Because the island was a contested space â even in peacetime â existing economic and social connections enabled civilians to choose to resist, collaborate, or flee. While some were ruined, others maintained the status quo, and some even profited from new opportunities. In the end, re-capturing St. Johnâs was less important for pressing English claims in the area than reconstructing the economy and asserting control over the movement of people and trade within overlapping French and English transatlantic worlds.Ă mesure que les relations socioĂ©conomiques coutumiĂšres entre les habitants de Terre-Neuve furent rompues, les courants dâĂ©changes habituels cessĂšrent de fonctionner au cours du dix-huitiĂšme siĂšcle. Parce que lâĂźle Ă©tait un espace contestĂ© â mĂȘme en temps de paix â, les rapports Ă©conomiques et sociaux existants donnĂšrent aux civils le choix de rĂ©sister, de collaborer ou de partir. Si certains furent ruinĂ©s, dâautres ne virent aucun changement dans leur situation et dâautres encore profitĂšrent mĂȘme des nouvelles possibilitĂ©s offertes. En fin de compte, il importait de reprendre St. Johnâs moins pour faire valoir les revendications des Anglais dans la rĂ©gion, que pour reconstruire lâĂ©conomie et exercer un contrĂŽle sur la circulation des personnes et des marchandises Ă lâintĂ©rieur des sphĂšres dâinfluence française et anglaise dâoutre-Atlantique
Jeux dâĂ©chelles : rĂ©flexions sur la captivitĂ© des combattants britanniques au lendemain de la bataille de Saint-Cast (1758-1759)
Ă lâissue de la bataille de Saint-Cast (11 septembre 1758), plusieurs centaines de soldats britanniques sont faits prisonniers. Cet Ă©pisode â certes modeste au regard de la guerre de Sept Ans â permet dâapprĂ©hender Ă plusieurs Ă©chelles la captivitĂ© de guerre au siĂšcle des LumiĂšres. Il sâagit dâabord, pour les prisonniers, dâune expĂ©rience individuelle, inĂ©vitablement diffĂ©rente dâun militaire Ă un autre, de la capture Ă la captivitĂ© proprement dite. Sans surprise, compte tenu de la hiĂ©rarchie sociale marquĂ©e qui prĂ©vaut alors, simples soldats et officiers connaissent des conditions bien diffĂ©rentes. De leur cĂŽtĂ©, les autoritĂ©s françaises voient ces prisonniers comme un problĂšme logistique et administratif. Ainsi, lâĂ©tude de leur transfert en BlĂ©sois, grĂące Ă de « nouvelles » sources, montre une mobilisation dâenvergure qui concerne les subdĂ©lĂ©guĂ©s de lâintendant, les maires des villes traversĂ©es et mĂȘme les syndics de modestes bourgades. Enfin, la question des prisonniers de guerre entraĂźne nĂ©cessairement des nĂ©gociations diplomatiques avec, notamment, la signature de cartels dâĂ©change qui conduisent Ă la libĂ©ration de ces captifs.At the end of the battle of Saint-Cast (11 September 1758), hundreds of British soldiers were taken prisoner. Although this event is secondary in the Seven Yearsâ War, it allows us to examine on several levels the captivity of war in the Enlightenment. For the prisonners, it was, first and foremost, an individual experience â differing from one soldier to the next, from capture to captivity proper. Not surprisingly, the marked social hierarchy of the eighteenth century helps explain why simple soldiers and officers experienced very different conditions. For their part, the French authorities saw these prisoners as a logistical and administrative problem. Thus, the study of their transfer to Touraine, thanks to ânewâ sources, shows a large-scale mobilisation which involved the subdelegates of the intendant, the mayors of the towns crossed, and even the syndics of modest villages. Finally, the question of prisoners of war necessarily entails diplomatic negociations with, in particular, the signing of cartels of exchange which led to the release of these captives
Etienne Verrier, ingénieur du roi en Nouvelle-France : contraintes et gestion du chantier de Louisbourg (1724-1745)
Les hommes de la famille Veyrier ont bien souvent eu un destin extraordinaire. Fils du sculpteur tretsois Christophe Veyrier, Ă©lĂšve du grand Puget, Etienne ne dĂ©roge pas Ă la rĂšgle. NĂ© Ă Aix-en-Provence en 1683, il succombe trĂšs tĂŽt Ă lâappel de la mer. A La Rochelle, il va apprendre lâingĂ©nierie militaire et lâart des fortifications Ă la maniĂšre de Vauban. AprĂšs avoir naviguĂ© sur les mers de Chine, câest en Nouvelle-France, dans les lointaines colonies dâAmĂ©rique, Ă Louisbourg, quâil laissera sa marque dans lâHistoire.The male members of the Veyrier family have had an extraordinary destiny. The son of Christophe Veyrier, a famous sculptor from Trets and a student of the great Puget, Etienne followed the same path. Born in Aix-en-Provence in 1683, the young Veryrier succumbed very early to the call of the sea. In La Rochelle, he studied military engineering and the new art of fortification as practised by Monsieur de Vauban. After first sailing across the Chinese seas, it is in New France, particularly in Louisbourg, that he left his mark in history
Commerce Raiding
The sixteen case studies in this book reflect the extraordinary diversity of experience of navies attempting to carry out, and also to eliminate, commerce raiding. Because the cases emphasize conflicts in which commerce raiding had major repercussions, they shed light on when, how, and in what manner it is most likely to be effective. The authors have been asked to examine the international context, the belligerents, the distribution of costs and benefits, the logistical requirements, enemy countermeasures, and the operational and strategic effectiveness of these campaigns.https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/usnwc-newport-papers/1039/thumbnail.jp
RELEVER LA FRANCE DANS LES APRĂS-GUERRES : RECONSTRUCTION OU RĂAMĂNAGEMENT ?
International audienceREBUILDING FRANCE AFTER THE WARS: RECONSTRUCTION OR REHABILITATION? The XXe Century wars cause very extended destructions. The ravages are so high that after every conflict follows a "reconstruction phase". Homelesses are more and more numerous (?) and then they turn towards the State which, in turn (?), try to organize shortage and to model the urban space. So, are these periods of reconstruction favourable to innovation or are the architects grappling with chaos, the impatience of homelesses or the reluctances of administrators less modernists than them... (finir la phrase). In one word, do these times of reconstruction (privilĂ©gient) identical (Ă l'identique) to novelties? Let's take the case of France in a troubled century, with the years of devastation that are 1919, 1940 and 1945.Locales ou mondiales, les guerres du XXe siĂšcle provoquent des destructions terriblement Ă©tendues. Et les ravages sont si grands qu'aprĂšs chaque conflit s'ouvre une " phase de reconstruction ". Mal logĂ©s et sans abris deviennent nombreux et se tournent vers l'Etat, qui, lui-mĂȘme, cherche Ă organiser la pĂ©nurie tout en modelant l'espace urbain. De fait, ces pĂ©riodes de reconstruction sont-elles propices Ă l'innovation ou bien les architectes sont-ils aux prises avec la pĂ©nurie, l'impatience des mal-logĂ©s ou les rĂ©ticences d'administrateurs moins modernistes qu'eux, Ă tel point que ces pĂ©riodes de reconstruction privilĂ©gieraient l'identique aux nouveautĂ©s ? Prise en compte du cas de la France Ă trois moments-clĂ©s : 1919-1940-1945
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