Otimização do fronthaul ótico para redes de acesso de rádio (baseadas) em computação em nuvem (CC-RANs)

Doutoramento conjunto (MAP-Tele) em Engenharia Eletrotécnica/TelecomunicaçõesA proliferação de diversos tipos de dispositivos moveis, aplicações e serviços com grande necessidade de largura de banda têm contribuído para o aumento de ligações de banda larga e ao aumento do volume de trafego das redes de telecomunicações moveis. Este aumento exponencial tem posto uma enorme pressão nos mobile operadores de redes móveis (MNOs). Um dos aspetos principais deste recente desenvolvimento, é a necessidade que as redes têm de oferecer baixa complexidade nas ligações, como também baixo consumo energético, muito baixa latência e ao mesmo tempo uma grande capacidade por baixo usto. De maneira a resolver estas questões, os MNOs têm focado a sua atenção na redes de acesso por rádio em nuvem (C-RAN) principalmente devido aos seus benefícios em termos de otimização de performance e relação qualidade preço. O standard para a distribuição de sinais sem fios por um fronthaul C-RAN é o common public radio interface (CPRI). No entanto, ligações óticas baseadas em interfaces CPRI necessitam de uma grande largura de banda. Estes requerimentos podem também ser atingidos com uma implementação em ligação free space optical (FSO) que é um sistema ótico que usa comunicação sem fios. O FSO tem sido uma alternativa muito apelativa aos sistemas de comunicação rádio (RF) pois combinam a flexibilidade e mobilidade das redes RF ao mesmo tempo que permitem a elevada largura de banda permitida pelo sistema ótico. No entanto, as ligações FSO são suscetíveis a alterações atmosféricas que podem prejudicar o desempenho do sistema de comunicação. Estas limitações têm evitado o FSO de ser tornar uma excelente solução para o fronthaul. Uma caracterização precisa do canal e tecnologias mais avançadas são então necessárias para uma implementação pratica de ligações FSO. Nesta tese, vamos estudar uma implementação eficiente para fronthaul baseada em tecnologia á rádio-sobre-FSO (RoFSO). Propomos expressões em forma fechada para mitigação das perdas de propagação e para a estimação da capacidade do canal de maneira a aliviar a complexidade do sistema de comunicação. Simulações numéricas são também apresentadas para formatos de modulação adaptativas. São também considerados esquemas como um sistema hibrido RF/FSO e tecnologias de transmissão apoiadas por retransmissores que ajudam a alivar os requerimentos impostos por um backhaul/fronthaul de C-RAN. Os modelos propostos não só reduzem o esforço computacional, como também têm outros méritos, tais como, uma elevada precisão na estimação do canal e desempenho, baixo requisitos na capacidade de memória e uma rápida e estável operação comparativamente com o estado da arte em sistemas analíticos (PON)-FSO. Este sistema é implementado num recetor em tempo real que é emulado através de uma field-programmable gate array (FPGA) comercial. Permitindo assim um sistema aberto, interoperabilidade, portabilidade e também obedecer a standards de software aberto. Os esquemas híbridos têm a habilidade de suportar diferentes aplicações, serviços e múltiplos operadores a partilharem a mesma infraestrutura de fibra ótica.The proliferation of different mobile devices, bandwidth-intensive applications and services contribute to the increase in the broadband connections and the volume of traffic on the mobile networks. This exponential growth has put considerable pressure on the mobile network operators (MNOs). In principal, there is a need for networks that not only offer low-complexity, low-energy consumption, and extremely low-latency but also high-capacity at relatively low cost. In order to address the demand, MNOs have given significant attention to the cloud radio access network (C-RAN) due to its beneficial features in terms of performance optimization and cost-effectiveness. The de facto standard for distributing wireless signal over the C-RAN fronthaul is the common public radio interface (CPRI). However, optical links based on CPRI interfaces requires large bandwidth. Also, the aforementioned requirements can be realized with the implementation of free space optical (FSO) link, which is an optical wireless system. The FSO is an appealing alternative to the radio frequency (RF) communication system that combines the flexibility and mobility offered by the RF networks with the high-data rates provided by the optical systems. However, the FSO links are susceptible to atmospheric impairments which eventually hinder the system performance. Consequently, these limitations prevent FSO from being an efficient standalone fronthaul solution. So, precise channel characterizations and advanced technologies are required for practical FSO link deployment and operation. In this thesis, we study an efficient fronthaul implementation that is based on radio-on-FSO (RoFSO) technologies. We propose closedform expressions for fading-mitigation and for the estimation of channel capacity so as to alleviate the system complexity. Numerical simulations are presented for adaptive modulation scheme using advanced modulation formats. We also consider schemes like hybrid RF/FSO and relay-assisted transmission technologies that can help in alleviating the stringent requirements by the C-RAN backhaul/fronthaul. The propose models not only reduce the computational requirements/efforts, but also have a number of diverse merits such as high-accuracy, low-memory requirements, fast and stable operation compared to the current state-of-the-art analytical based approaches. In addition to the FSO channel characterization, we present a proof-of-concept experiment in which we study the transmission capabilities of a hybrid passive optical network (PON)-FSO system. This is implemented with the real-time receiver that is emulated by a commercial field-programmable gate array (FPGA). This helps in facilitating an open system and hence enables interoperability, portability, and open software standards. The hybrid schemes have the ability to support different applications, services, and multiple operators over a shared optical fiber infrastructure

Impacto das comunicações M2M em redes celulares de telecomunicações

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e de TelecomunicaçõesAs comunicações Máquina-Máquina (M2M) apresentam um crescimento muito significativo e algumas projeções apontam para que esta tendência se acentue drasticamente ao longo dos próximos anos. O tráfego gerado por este tipo de comunicações tem caraterísticas muito diferentes do tráfego de dados, ou voz, que atualmente circula nas redes celulares de telecomunicações. Assim, é fundamental estudar as caraterísticas dos tipos de tráfego associados com comunicações M2M, por forma a compreender os efeitos que tais caraterísticas podem provocar nas redes celulares de telecomunicações. Esta dissertação procura identificar e estudar algumas das caraterísticas do tráfego M2M, com especial enfoque na sinalização gerada por serviços M2M. Como resultado principal deste trabalho surge o desenvolvimento de modelos que permitem a construção de uma ferramenta analítica de orquestração de serviços e análise de rede. Esta ferramenta permite orquestrar serviços e modelar padrões de tráfego numa rede UMTS, possibilitando uma análise simultânea aos efeitos produzidos no segmento core da mesma rede. Ao longo deste trabalho procura-se que a abordagem aos problemas apresentados permita que os resultados obtidos sejam válidos, ou adaptáveis, num âmbito mais abrangente do que apenas as comunicações M2M.Machine to Machine (M2M) communications present significant growth and some projections indicate that this trend is going to increase dramatically over the coming years. The traffic generated by this type of communication has very different characteristics when compared to data or voice traffic currently going through cellular telecommunications networks. Thus, it is essential to study the characteristics of traffic associated with M2M communications in order to understand the effects that its features can imply to cellular telecommunications networks. This dissertation tries to identify and study some of the characteristics of M2M traffic, with particular focus on signaling generated by M2M services. A number of models, that enable the development of an analytic tool for service orchestration and network analysis, are presented. This tool enables service orchestration and traffic modeling on a UMTS network, with simultaneous visualization of the impacts on the core of such network. The work presented in this document seeks to approach the problems at study in ways ensuring that its outcomes are valid for a wider scope than just M2M communications

Software Defined Applications in Cellular and Optical Networks

abstract: Small wireless cells have the potential to overcome bottlenecks in wireless access through the sharing of spectrum resources. A novel access backhaul network architecture based on a Smart Gateway (Sm-GW) between the small cell base stations, e.g., LTE eNBs, and the conventional backhaul gateways, e.g., LTE Servicing/Packet Gateways (S/P-GWs) has been introduced to address the bottleneck. The Sm-GW flexibly schedules uplink transmissions for the eNBs. Based on software defined networking (SDN) a management mechanism that allows multiple operator to flexibly inter-operate via multiple Sm-GWs with a multitude of small cells has been proposed. This dissertation also comprehensively survey the studies that examine the SDN paradigm in optical networks. Along with the PHY functional split improvements, the performance of Distributed Converged Cable Access Platform (DCCAP) in the cable architectures especially for the Remote-PHY and Remote-MACPHY nodes has been evaluated. In the PHY functional split, in addition to the re-use of infrastructure with a common FFT module for multiple technologies, a novel cross functional split interaction to cache the repetitive QAM symbols across time at the remote node to reduce the transmission rate requirement of the fronthaul link has been proposed.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 201

Support des applications multimédia dans les réseaux de prochaine génération

RÉSUMÉ Les applications multimédia sont devenues tellement populaires que certaines d’entre elles sont utilisées quotidiennement par les usagers. Cette popularité peut être attribuée à plusieurs facteurs, tels que la diversification du contenu et des services offerts, l’accès en tout temps grâce à la mobilité et à la nomadicité, ainsi qu’aux avancées au niveau des architectures et des protocoles utilisés, afin de supporter les requis plus exigeants de ces applications. Par exemple, ce qui était jadis un simple appel téléphonique, se transforme désormais en une vidéoconférence, permettant à un nombre dynamique d’usagers d’y participer. Un autre exemple d’application multimédia, qui connait également un essor fulgurant, est IP TeleVision (IPTV), soit la technologie permettant la transmission de la télévision, en direct et sur demande, sur des réseaux IP. On retrouve également sa version mobile, soit Mobile IP TeleVision (MobileTV). Du côté des opérateurs, le focus est mis sur le déploiement des réseaux de prochaine génération. Les opérateurs sans-fil se tournent vers les technologies cellulaires de quatrième génération, telles que 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), alors que ceux qui offrent les services filaires regardent plutôt vers les réseaux basés sur la fibre optique, tels que Fiber to the Home (FTTH). Ces réseaux promettent d’augmenter le débit offert, ainsi que de réduire la latence, soit deux critères importants pour le déploiement des applications multimédia à grande échelle. Malgré ces avancées technologiques, il existe encore plusieurs obstacles au bon fonctionnement des applications multimédia. Dans cette optique, cette thèse se penche sur trois problématiques importantes dans les réseaux de prochaine génération, chacune faisant l’objet d’un article scientifique. Les deux premiers volets s’attardent sur la convergence des réseaux fixes et mobiles, ou Fixed-Mobile Convergence (FMC). Cette convergence vient brouiller la distinction entre les réseaux mobiles et les réseaux fixes. Entre autre, elle permet à un usager d’avoir accès à ses services, autant sur le réseau cellulaire (LTE, par exemple) que sur un réseau local (Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), par exemple). Pour s’y faire, l’usager est généralement muni d’un terminal pouvant se connecter sur les deux réseaux. La première problématique soulevée dans cette thèse est au niveau de la prise de décision de la relève. En effet, les deux protocoles de mobilité les plus populaires, soit Mobile IP (MIP) et Proxy Mobile IP (PMIP), adoptent deux approches diamétralement opposées. Avec le premier protocole, ce sont l’usager et son terminal qui prennent entièrement en charge la relève. Même si cette approche permet la FMC, les opérateurs préfèrent plutôt garder le contrôle sur la prise de décision, afin de pouvoir optimiser leur réseau. En effet, avec MIP, beaucoup de messages de signalisation sont envoyés, ce qui gaspille des ressources réseaux, surtout au niveau de l’accès radio, la partie la plus précieuse du réseau. De plus, en ne sollicitant pas le réseau, le terminal ne prend pas nécessairement les meilleures décisions. Il peut donc basculer vers un réseau qui est plus chargé et qui ne garantit pas nécessairement ses exigences au niveau de la qualité de service. De ce fait, le protocole PMIP a été proposé. Son approche est exactement à l’opposé de celle de MIP, soit la mobilité qui est entièrement gérée par le réseau. De ce fait, la mobilité est masquée au niveau du terminal, qui pense toujours se trouver dans son réseau mère. Grâce à l’ajout de nouveaux nœuds dans le réseau, qui gèrent la mobilité à la place du terminal, on élimine la signalisation sur l’accès radio. De plus, les informations supplémentaires que le réseau détient lui permettront de prendre une meilleure décision. Par contre, le problème avec ce protocole est que, sans l’intervention du terminal, il lui est impossible de détecter toutes les situations de relèves. Dans plusieurs cas, le réseau fixe de l’opérateur est masqué par un réseau interne, par exemple un réseau WiFi, et la détection de ce réseau n’est possible que grâce à l’intervention du terminal. Ainsi, PMIP n’est pas un protocole qui se prête bien au déploiement de FMC. Le premier article, qui s’intitule « Client-Based Network-Assisted Mobile IPv6 », s’attaque donc à ce problème, en proposant un nouveau protocole, basé sur Mobile IP v6 (MIPv6), et qui introduit l’implication du réseau. Le résultat obtenu est un protocole hybride qui combine les avantages de MIPv6 et de Proxy Mobile IP v6 (PMIPv6). Pour s’y faire, deux étapes ont été nécessaires. La première consiste en une refonte du protocole MIPv6 qui, dans son état actuel, était difficile à modifier, à cause de ses spécifications qui sont lourdes. Le résultat de cette étape est un protocole beaucoup plus léger et offrant uniquement les fonctionnalités de base. Les autres fonctionnalités, telles que les mécanismes de sécurité, ont été séparées dans des modules. En deuxième lieu, un nouveau module a été proposé, qui introduit un nouveau nœud dans le réseau, capable de gérer la mobilité du terminal. Ainsi, la collaboration entre le terminal et ce nœud permet de réduire les messages de signalisation et d’optimiser les décisions au niveau des relèves, tout en offrant le support pour FMC. La deuxième problématique, sur laquelle la thèse porte, se trouve au niveau de la transparence de la relève entre les deux réseaux. On parle d’une relève qui est transparente si cette dernière n’engendre aucune interruption des services de l’usager. Par exemple, un appel en cours, qui est démarré sur le réseau cellulaire, ne doit pas être interrompu lorsque la connexion bascule sur le réseau local, et vice-versa. Les applications visées, par notre travail, sont les applications multimédia en temps réél, notamment IPTV et MobileTV (en mode télévision en direct). Ces applications emploient des protocoles de multidiffusion permettant l’envoi optimisé de données à partir d’une ou de plusieurs sources vers plusieurs destinataires, avec un nombre minimal de paquets. Le problème avec ces applications est que, lorsqu’une relève verticale survient (dans le cadre de FMC par exemple), la connexion est rompue et doit être réétablie. Ceci est dû au fait que le terminal change son adresse IP, ce qui le force à rejoindre ses services à partir de la nouvelle adresse. Cette déconnexion résulte en une perte de paquets, se traduisant par une interruption de l’application de l’usager. Le second article, qui s’intitule « Seamless handover for multicast Mobile IPv6 traffic », propose une solution à ce problème. Cette solution consiste en l’ajout d’un nouveau nœud, dans le réseau, dont le rôle est de mettre en tampon les paquets perdus, lors de la relève du terminal. Ainsi, lorsque ce dernier recouvre sa connectivité, il est en mesure de récupérer ces paquets auprès de ce nœud. L’application de l’usager se déroule alors sans interruption. La troisième problématique abordée dans cette thèse porte sur la planification des réseaux d’accès, afin de supporter les requis des applications multimédia au niveau du débit. Pour que la FMC soit réussie, il faut que le réseau local puisse supporter les débits nécessaires de l’application. Le réseau WiFi interne n’étant généralement pas un problème, la limitation se trouve plutôt au niveau de l’accès filaire. Afin d’augmenter les débits offerts, les opérateurs ont introduit la fibre optique dans leurs réseaux, complémentant ainsi les méthodes traditionnelles, tels les paires de cuivre torsadées et le câble coaxial. Ainsi, de nouvelles technologies optiques hybrides ont été proposées. Dans un contexte o`u une infrastructure est déjà existante, le choix d’une technologie hybride est très attrayant, car l’opérateur peut rentabiliser son investissement précédent, minimisant ainsi le coût de la mise à jour. Par contre, dans un environnement vierge, il n’existe pas d’infrastructure à réutiliser. Le consensus, dans un tel scénario, est que la meilleure technologie à déployer est celle qui n’emploie que des liens en fibre optique, car elle offre les meilleurs débits ainsi que la plus grande flexibilité au niveau de l’évolutivité. La différence, au niveau du coût, devient moins grande et n’est plus nécessairement le critère principal au niveau du choix de la technologie à déployer. Une des difficultés, qui compliquent la planification, est que ces réseaux sont souvent déployés par les opérateurs, en phases. La planification doit être alors dynamique et prendre en considération la nature évolutive de la demande des clients. Le troisième article, qui s’intitule « Dynamic Greenfield Fiber to the Home Planning », propose donc une modélisation dynamique du problème de planification des réseaux d’accès en fibre optique. Le résultat est un modèle mathématique linéaire, en nombres entiers, qui prend en entrée des paramètres, tels que les demandes des clients, et qui produit la planification minimisant le coût total du réseau et ce, sur plusieurs phases. Les résultats numériques obtenus en simulant notre modèle montrent sa supériorité par rapport aux méthodes séquentielles existantes.--------- ABSTRACT Multimedia applications have been gaining momentum and are finding their way into everyday life. Their popularity can be attributed to several factors, such as the diversification of content and services, ubiquitous access thanks to the mobility and nomadicity, as well as advances in architectures and protocols used to support their most demanding requirements. For example, what was once a simple phone call has morphed nowadays into a videoconference, allowing a dynamic number of users to participate. Another example of a multimedia application that gained popularity is IP TeleVision (IPTV), which is the technology that allows the transmission of live and on demand television, on IP networks. There also exists a mobile version, called Mobile IP TeleVision (MobileTV). From the operators’ point of view, the focus is put on the deployment of next generation networks. Wireless operators are therefore deploying fourth generation cellular technologies, such as 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), while those offering wired connectivity are looking into fiber optical based networks, such as Fiber to the Home (FTTH). These new networks increase the rate offered, as well as reduce latency, which are two important criteria for the deployment of large-scale multimedia applications. However, despite these advances, there still exist several obstacles hindering the proper operation of multimedia applications. This thesis therefore focuses on three important issues in next generation networks, each of these subjects leading to a scientific article. The first two works deal with the issues of the Fixed-Mobile Convergence (FMC). This convergence is blurring the distinction between mobile and fixed networks. Among other things, it allows a user to have access to its services, both on the cellular network (LTE, for example) as well as on a local network (Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), for example). This is usually accomplished by equipping the user with a device with that can connect to both networks. The first issue raised in this thesis is about the decision of when to execute a handover. The two most popular mobility protocols, Mobile IP (MIP) and Proxy Mobile IP (PMIP), approach this problem with diametrically opposed views. With the first protocol, the decision is made by the user and his device. Although this approach allows for FMC, operators would much rather have complete control over the decision-making, in order to optimize their network. Indeed, with MIP, many signaling messages are sent, wasting valuable network resources, especially at the radio access, which is the most precious part of the network. Furthermore, by not involving the network, the decision taken by the device will not be necessarily optimal. It might request to switch to a more overloaded network, that cannot meet its demands of Quality of Service (QoS). For these reasons, the PMIP protocol was proposed. Its approach is the opposite of that of MIP, the mobility being managed entirely by the network. By doing so, the device is actually shielded from any aspect of the mobility, and is fooled into thinking that its always in its home network. This is possible by introducing new nodes in the networks that act on its behalf, which eliminates all signaling on the radio link. In addition, since the network is usually better suited to make the right decision, because of the additional information it holds, the mobility is optimized. However, the big issue that arises is that, without the intervention of the terminal, it is impossible to detect all the handover possibilities. In many cases, the operator’s fixed network is hidden by an internal network, usually a WiFi network, and the detection of the network is only possible with the help of the terminal. Thus, PMIP is not a protocol that is well suited to deploy FMC. The first article, entitled “Client-Based Network-Assisted Mobile IPv6”, therefore addresses this problem by proposing a new protocol based on Mobile IP v6 (MIPv6), in which we introduce the involvement of the network. The result is a hybrid protocol that draws upon the strength of MIPv6 and Proxy Mobile IP v6 (PMIPv6). To accomplish this, two steps were required. The first consisted of a complete overhaul of the MIPv6 protocol, as in its current state, it was near impossible to make any modifications, because of the complexity and heaviness of its specifications. The result is a much more lightweight protocol which provides only basic functionality. Other features, such as security mechanisms, were separated into modules. In the second step, we proposed a new module, which introduces a new node in the network that can handle the terminal mobility. Thus, the collaboration of the terminal and the new node reduces the signaling messages and optimizes the decisions for handing over, while still offering support for FMC. The second issue that this thesis tackles is the seamlessness of a handover between two networks. A handover is deemed seamless if it does not cause any disruption to the user’s services. For example, a call that is in progress on the cellular network should not be interrupted when the connection switches to a local network, and the same goes for the other way around. The applications targeted by our work are multimedia applications operating in real-time , such as IPTV and MobileTV (in live television mode). These applications employ multicast protocols that are optimized for the transmission of data from one or more sources to multiple receivers, while using the minimum number of packets required. The problem, however, with these applications is that when a vertical handover occurs (in the case of FMC, for example), the connection is lost and must be re-established. This is because the terminal changes its IP address, which forces it to rejoin the services from the new address. This disconnection results in a packet loss, which entails an interruption of the user application. The second article, entitled “Seamless handover for multicast Mobile IPv6 traffic”, proposes a solution to this problem. This is accomplished by introducing a new node in the network, whose role is to buffer the lost packets while the handover is occurring. Thus, when the device reconnects, it is able to recover these packets. The user application is therefore able to proceed without interruption. The third issue addressed in this thesis focuses on the planning of access networks, to support the high bandwidth required by multimedia applications. For the FMC to be successful, it is necessary that the local network supports the bandwidth requirements. The internal WiFi network is generally not an issue, the limitation rather lies in the wired network. To increase the offered rates, operators have started introducing fiber optic links in their networks, complementing the traditional links, such as twisted pair copper and coaxial cable. Thus, new hybrid optical technologies have been proposed. In a context where an infrastructure already exists, the choice of a hybrid technology is very attractive, because the operator can leverage its previous investment and minimize the cost of the upgrade. However, in a new environment, there is no infrastructure to reuse. Therefore, the consensus in such a scenario is that the best technology to deploy is the one that only uses fiber optic links, as it offers the best rates and the greatest scalability. The cost difference is smaller and therefore no longer the main criterion for selecting the technology to deploy. One of the difficulties of network planning is that these networks are often deployed by operators in phases. Therefore, the planning must be dynamic and take into account the changing nature of customer demands. The third article, entitled “Dynamic Greenfield Fiber to the Home Planning”, proposes a dynamic model for the network planning problem of fiber optic networks. The result is a linear integer mathematical model, which takes input parameters, such as customer demands, and produces a planning that minimizes the total cost of the network, over all of the phases. The numerical results obtained when simulating our solution show its superiority compared to existing sequential methods

The strategies associated with the migration of networks to 4G

The networks need to provide higher speeds than those offered today. For it, considering that in the spectrum radio technologies is the scarcest resource in the development of these technologies and the new developments is essential to maximize the performance of bits per hertz transmitted. Long Term Evolution optimize spectral efficiency modulations with new air interface, and more advanced algorithms radius. These capabilities is the fact that LTE is an IPbased technology that enables end-to-end offer high transmission rates per user and very low latency, ie delay in the response times of the network around only 10 milliseconds, so you can offer any realtime application. LTE is the latest standard in mobile network technology and 3GPP ensure competitiveness in the future, may be considered a technology bridge between 3G networks - current 3.5G and future 4G networks, which are expected to reach speeds of up to 1G . LTE operators provide a simplified architecture but both robust, supporting services on IP technology. The objectives to be achieved through its implementation are ambitious, first users have a wide range of added services like capabilities that currently enjoys with residential broadband access at competitive prices, while the operator will have a network fully IP-based environment, reducing the complexity and cost of the same, which will give operators the opportunity to migrate to LTE directly. A major advantage of LTE is its ability to fuse with existing networks, ensuring interconnection with the same, increasing his current coverage and allowing a data connection established by a user in the environment continue when fade the coverage LTE. Moreover, the operator has the advantage of deploying network gradually, starting initially at areas of high demand for broadband services and expand progressively in line with this. RESUMEN. Las redes necesitan proporcionar velocidades mayores a las ofertadas a día de hoy. Para ello, teniendo en cuenta que en tecnologías radio el espectro es el recurso más escaso, en la evolución de estas tecnologías y en los nuevos desarrollos es esencial maximizar el rendimiento de bits por hercio transmitido. Long Term Evolution optimiza la eficiencia espectral con nuevas modulaciones en la interfaz aire, así como los algoritmos radio más avanzado. A estas capacidades se suma el hecho de que LTE es una tecnología basada en IP de extremo a extremo que permite ofrecer altas velocidades de transmisión por usuario y latencias muy bajas, es decir, retardos en los tiempos de respuesta de la red en torno a sólo 10 milisegundos, por lo que permite ofrecer cualquier tipo de aplicación en tiempo real. LTE es el último estándar en tecnología de redes móviles y asegurará la competitividad de 3GPP en el futuro, pudiendo ser considerada una tecnología puente entre las redes 3G – 3.5G actuales y las futuras redes 4G, de las que se esperan alcanzar velocidades de hasta 1G. LTE proporcionará a las operadoras una arquitectura simplificada pero robusta a la vez, soportando servicios sobre tecnología IP. Los objetivos que se persiguen con su implantación son ambiciosos, por una parte los usuarios dispondrá de una amplia oferta de servicios añadidos con capacidades similares a las que disfruta actualmente con accesos a banda ancha residencial y a precios competitivos, mientras que el operador dispondrá de una red basada en entorno totalmente IP, reduciendo la complejidad y el costo de la misma, lo que dará a las operadoras la oportunidad de migrar a LTE directamente. Una gran ventaja de LTE es su capacidad para fusionarse con las redes existentes, asegurando la interconexión con las mismas, aumentando su actual cobertura y permitiendo que una conexión de datos establecida por un usuario en el entorno LTE continúe cuando la cobertura LTE se desvanezca. Por otra parte el operador tiene la ventaja de desplegar la red LTE de forma gradual, comenzando inicialmente por las áreas de gran demanda de servicios de banda ancha y ampliarla progresivamente en función de ésta

Modulation, Coding, and Receiver Design for Gigabit mmWave Communication

While wireless communication has become an ubiquitous part of our daily life and the world around us, it has not been able yet to deliver the multi-gigabit throughput required for applications like high-definition video transmission or cellular backhaul communication. The throughput limitation of current wireless systems is mainly the result of a shortage of spectrum and the problem of congestion. Recent advancements in circuit design allow the realization of analog frontends for mmWave frequencies between 30GHz and 300GHz, making abundant unused spectrum accessible. However, the transition to mmWave carrier frequencies and GHz bandwidths comes with new challenges for wireless receiver design. Large variations of the channel conditions and high symbol rates require flexible but power-efficient receiver designs. This thesis investigates receiver algorithms and architectures that enable multi-gigabit mmWave communication. Using a system-level approach, the design options between low-power time-domain and power-hungry frequency-domain signal processing are explored. The system discussion is started with an analysis of the problem of parameter synchronization in mmWave systems and its impact on system design. The proposed synchronization architecture extends known synchronization techniques to provide greater flexibility regarding the operating environments and for system efficiency optimization. For frequency-selective environments, versatile single-carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) offers not only excellent channel equalization, but also the possibility to integrate additional baseband tasks without overhead. Hence, the high initial complexity of SC-FDE needs to be put in perspective to the complexity savings in the other parts of the baseband. Furthermore, an extension to the SC-FDE architecture is proposed that allows an adaptation of the equalization complexity by switching between a cyclic-prefix mode and a reduced block length overlap-save mode based on the delay spread. Approaching the problem of complexity adaptation from time-domain, a high-speed hardware architecture for the delayed decision feedback sequence estimation (DDFSE) algorithm is presented. DDFSE uses decision feedback to reduce the complexity of the sequence estimation and allows to set the system performance between the performance of full maximum-likelihood detection and pure decision feedback equalization. An implementation of the DDFSE architecture is demonstrated as part of an all-digital IEEE802.11ad baseband ASIC manufactured in 40nm CMOS. A flexible architecture for wideband mmWave receivers based on complex sub-sampling is presented. Complex sub-sampling combines the design advantages of sub-sampling receivers with the flexibility of direct-conversion receivers using a single passive component and a digital compensation scheme. Feasibility of the architecture is proven with a 16Gb/s hardware demonstrator. The demonstrator is used to explore the potential gain of non-equidistant constellations for high-throughput mmWave links. Specifically crafted amplitude phase-shift keying (APSK) modulation achieve 1dB average mutual information (AMI) advantage over quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in simulation and on the testbed hardware. The AMI advantage of APSK can be leveraged for a practical transmission using Polar codes which are trained specifically for the constellation

D 3. 3 Final performance results and consolidated view on the most promising multi -node/multi -antenna transmission technologies

This document provides the most recent updates on the technical contributions and research challenges focused in WP3. Each Technology Component (TeC) has been evaluated under possible uniform assessment framework of WP3 which is based on the simulation guidelines of WP6. The performance assessment is supported by the simulation results which are in their mature and stable state. An update on the Most Promising Technology Approaches (MPTAs) and their associated TeCs is the main focus of this document. Based on the input of all the TeCs in WP3, a consolidated view of WP3 on the role of multinode/multi-antenna transmission technologies in 5G systems has also been provided. This consolidated view is further supported in this document by the presentation of the impact of MPTAs on METIS scenarios and the addressed METIS goals.Aziz, D.; Baracca, P.; De Carvalho, E.; Fantini, R.; Rajatheva, N.; Popovski, P.; Sørensen, JH.... (2015). D 3. 3 Final performance results and consolidated view on the most promising multi -node/multi -antenna transmission technologies. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/7675