Presupposition projection as proof construction

Even though Van der Sandt's presuppositions as anaphora approach is empirically successful, it fails to give a formal account of the interaction between world-knowledge and presuppositions. In this paper, an algorithm is sketched which is based on the idea of presuppositions as anaphora. It improves on this approach by employing a deductive system, Constructive Type Theory (CTT), to get a formal handle on the way world-knowledge influences presupposition projection. In CTT, proofs for expressions are explicitly represented as objects. These objects can be seen as a generalization of DRT's discourse markers. They are useful in dealing with presuppositional phenomena which require world-knowledge, such as Clark's bridging examples and Beaver's conditional presuppositions

Service Connectors Model: Staffing and Cost Projections

The Mid-America Institute on Poverty (MAIP) has provided the information below as a guideline for understanding the likely staffing needs of a service connector model within Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) family developments. MAIP has undertaken this project as a means to share its practice-based research findings with policymaking entities engaged in creating programming and allocating resources for use by CHA tenants.There are two elements to the Service Connectors model as we understand it. One provides connections to existing resources both within and external to the Chicago Housing Authority to residents of Chicago Housing Authority family developments. These services may include outreach, information and referral and case management.Another and, significantly smaller part of the model, provides limited direct services to current residents of CHA family developments that are expected to move back into CHA developments after an initial relocation to make way for redevelopment. The staffing projection we developed is limited to the first element -- connections to existing resources (e.g. no direct services other than case management)

Don\u27t Run Under Ground

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay\u27s first paragraph. WITHIN 30 MINUTES , I was on top of the world. I could see actual life in the world. I could watch the leaves on the trees while they were growing. My eyes were wide open, so as not to miss a thing. I could feel and taste the colors I saw. Purple was fuzzy, red was spicy, and yellow was warm. It seemed like I would never be unhappy again. Time was moving slowly so I could watch everything that was going on

Natural Enemies of Alfalfa Weevil, \u3ci\u3eHypera Postica\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Minnesota

Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, is present throughout Minnesota. How- ever, economically damaging populations seldom occur, due to a combination of natural enemies and adverse climatic conditions. Five natural enemies of alfalfa weevil were found in Minnesota. Microctonus aethiopoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of adults, was recovered from 43 of 65 counties surveyed during 1984 and 1985. Tetrastichus incertus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Bathyplectes curculionis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), para­sitoids of larvae, were each recovered from 13 of 15 counties surveyed during 1991-1993. Bathyplectes anurus, another parasitoid of larvae, was recovered from one county In 1991, four counties in 1992, and six counties in 1993. Zoophthora phytonomi (Entomophthora: Entomophthoraceae), a pathogen of larvae, was recovered from 14 of 15 counties surveyed in 1991-1993. Winters with low minimum temperatures and little snow cover were detrimental to the weevil. Usually, southeastern Minnesota has milder winters and higher alfalfa weevil populations than other areas of the State. However, even here, because of natural enemies, weevil populations seldom reach economically damaging levels

“War in the Modern World, 1990-2014 (Book Review)” by Jeremy Black

Review of War in the Modern World, 1990-2014 by Jeremy Blac

Front Cover, Publication Information

Front Cover, Publication Information, Table of Content

A modified flower pollination algorithm and carnivorous plant algorithm for solving engineering optimization problem

Optimization in an essential element in mechanical engineering and has never been an easy task. Hence, using an effective optimiser to solve these problems with high complexity is important. In this study, two metaheuristic algorithms, namely, modified flower pollination algorithm (MFPA) and carnivorous plant algorithm (CPA), were proposed. Flower pollination algorithm (FPA) is a biomimicry optimisation algorithm inspired by natural pollination. Although FPA has shown better convergence than particle swarm optimisation and genetic algorithm in the pioneering study, improving the convergence characteristic of FPA still needs more work. To speed up the convergence, modifications of: (i) employing chaos theory in the initialisation of initial population to enhance the diversity of the initial population in the search space, (ii) replacing FPA’s local search strategy with frog leaping algorithm to improve intensification, and (iii) integrating inertia weight into FPA’s global search strategy to adjust the searching ability of the global strategy, were presented. CPA, on the other hand, was developed based on the inspiration from how carnivorous plants adapt to survive in harsh environments. Both MFPA and CPA were first evaluated using twenty-five well-known benchmark functions with different characteristics and seven Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) 2017 test functions. Their convergence characteristic and computational efficiency were analysed and compared with eight widely used metaheuristic algorithms, with the superiority validated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The applicability of MFPA and CPA were further examined on eighteen mechanical engineering design problems and two challenging real-world applications of controlling the orientation of a five-degrees-of-freedom robotic arm and moving-object tracking in a complicated environment. For the optimisation of classical benchmark functions, CPA was ranked first. It also obtained the first rank in CEC04 and CEC07 modern test functions. Both CPA and MFPA showed promising results on the mechanical engineering design problems. CPA improved over the particle swarm optimisation algorithm in terms of the best fitness value by 69.40-95.99% in the optimisation of the robotic arm. Meanwhile, MFPA demonstrated a better tracking performance in the considered case studies by at least 52.99% better fitness function evaluation and fewer number of function evaluations as compared with the competitors

Values For Libraries, Conference 2000 Featured Speaker

Mr. Gorman\u27s paper dealt with j the values of our profession based on a humanistic analysis of more than 40 years work in libraries and the scant but important body of writing on the philosophy, ethics, and values of librarianship