Contributing and consequential correlates of illicit substance use among students

Background: The world has made tremendous social progress during the past 30 years but opposite has occurred with problems related to drug abuse and addictive disorders. Over the last 30 years, awareness of illicit drugs, access to them and their abuse have dramatically increased. Reports from the United Nations, observations of experts, studies of crime, education, work and health - all show a general agreement that populations at highest risk are those in the age range most needed for productive work i.e., youth, indicating harmful consequences through decreased productivity and thus halting the developmental process of a nation.The aim of this study was to explore the leading and resulting correlates of illicit use of substances (drugs) among college students of ages between 15 to 25 years studying in different institutes of Karachi, Pakistan.Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted among teens and youth studying in different institutes of Karachi, Pakistan in the year 2015. A questionnaire included multiple-choice and open-ended. The questions were focused on type of substance use, the reason behind, contributing factors, monthly expenditure, dependence upon drug, and effects of illicit substance use. 600 students completed the questionnaire. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 and Microsoft excel.Results: The contributing attributes identified included easy accessibility through friends, dealers, and over the counter, Motivation through family members like parents (6%), siblings (8%), cousins/uncles (20%) or friends (50%), The reasons behind were recreational purpose (54%), social pressure (22%) and education stress (24%). The consequential correlates included behavioural, physical and psychological attributes. The results showed that 26% of the students were dependent on the drugs of their choice. Medical problems (physical and mental) identified in sample included 36% withdrawal symptoms (grouchiness, sleeplessness, decreased appetite, anxiety, cravings), 58% experienced mood swings, 40% experienced blackouts, rate15% depression and anxiety, convulsions and impaired memory and others like, hepatitis B & C, Lung infections, and increased heart..This study also shows that substance abuser admitted behavioural changes among themselves as one-third of the students showed negligence to their families, 24% lose their friends and about 38% showed a decline in performance at school, Majority of the respondents were also found to be involved in illegal activities to obtain drugs and more than one-third arrested for the possession of contraband drugs.Conclusions: It was found that majority of the respondents’ friends were involved in drug use and less commonly their cousins and family members. Most of them started drug consumption at age between 15-19 years and were mainly doing it for recreational purposes; other reasons were social pressure or educational stress. The  consequential correlates identified includes, behavioural attributes distorted relationship with family and friends, poor performance in education, and delinquent activities like imprisonment and other unlawful pursuits. Other attributes were medical including physical manifestation of substance abuse like blackouts, hepatitis B & C, increased heart rate, convulsions and lung infections. The psychological manifestations listed depression & anxiety, and impaired memory.

Fertility and education in Poland during state socialism

Background: Studies on fertility in Poland focus on the turbulent transition period and its consequences. However, during state socialism significant societal and demographic changes took place. Objective: This article studies the macro-level relationship between education and completed fertility of Polish women born between 1930 and 1959, and tries to assess how changes in women's educational structure affected fertility. Methods: Using data from the large-scale Fertility Survey 2002 that accompanied the Polish population census, I first look into fertility trends by education and five-year cohorts. Then, by applying Cho's and Retherford's decomposition analysis and direct standardisation, I assess the role of women's educational expansion in fertility changes. Results: Despite profound structural changes and the ruling egalitarian ideology, the educational gradient in completed fertility remained strongly negative in all analysed cohorts. The observed decline in completed fertility from 2.51 in the 1930-34 cohort to 2.22 in the 1955-59 cohort can be explained by the expansion of female education. Had the educational structure not changed, the completed fertility of the youngest cohort would have been slightly higher than that of the oldest cohort. Conclusions: Under state socialism in Poland, better-educated women had on average fewer children than the less educated. The expansion of female education played an important role in fertility decline

The production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against morphine.

by Julia Luen-wah Woo.Thesis (M.Ph.) -- Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988.Bibliography: leaves 90-94

Studies of some organo-nitrogen three-electron ligands in transition metal carbonyl complexes

The work to be described is a continuation of the study of organo-nitrogen-transition metal complexes with particular reference to ketimino and related derivatives. Earlier work by colleagues has shown that the nature of the product formed from the reaction of π-C(_5)H(_5)M(CO)(_3)Cl,[I] (M= Mo,W), with lithio-ketimines, R(_2)C:NLi, depends on the group R. Thus for R = Ph, the product is the aza-allyl/allene derivative π-C(_5)H(_5)M(CO)(_2)[Ph(_2)CNCPh(_2)] and for R = Bu(^t), the ketimino complex π-C(_5)H(_5)M(CO)(_2)NCBu(^t)(_2)is formed. Reaction of [I] with (p-tolyl)(_2)C:NLi, however, produced three types of complex, π-C(_5)H(_5)M(CO)(_2)NC(P-TOLYL)(_2)[ll], π-C(_5)H(_5)M(C0)(_2)[(P-tolyl)(_2)CNC-(P-Tolyl)(_2)] [III], and K-CgH^M(C0)2[(2-tolyl)2CNC(2-l:olyl)2](2-tolyl)2C:0 [IV]. Two forms of [III], (M = W) were isolated in the solid state but a common species was formed in solution. [IV]also gave the same solution species together with the free ketone. A mechanism for the formation of the complexes and the biproducts (P-tolyl)2C:0, NCO" and CN~ is proposed. All complexes failed to undergo substitution reactions with PPh^ and reaction of iodine with [II] caused total decomposition of the complex. Dimerisation of [II] to [rt-C^H^M(C0)NC(P-tolyl)2] could be achieved for M = W, but not for M = Mo.Reaction of [l] with RgCiNLi in the presence of RgCiO (R = Ph, P-tolyl) resulted in formation of the complexes jt-C^H^M(CO)2NCR2 to the exclusion of the aza-allyl/allene complexes, which are formed in the absence of R(_2)C:O. The possible role of the ketone in the reaction is discussed

Clarence William Daugette Papers: Finding Aid

The collection this finding aid references contains personal, professional, and financial information related to and documents generated by Clarence William Daugette, sixth president of the Jacksonville State Normal School. The tangible items referenced in this finding aid are located in the Library\u27s 10th floor Alabama Gallery Special Collections