Шляхта ўсходніх ваяводстваў Вялікага Княства Літоўскага і расійскія войскі падчас “вайны за польскую спадчыну 1733–1735 гадоў”

SZLACHTA OF EASTERN PROVINCIES OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA AND THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE WAR OF THE POLISH SUCCESSION (1733–1735) / A. MATSUKДаследуюцца ўзаемадачыненні шляхты ўсходніх ваяводстваў ВКЛ (Аршанскага павета, Віцебскага, Полацкага і Мсціслаўскага ваяводстваў) з расійскімі войскамі, якія былі ўведзены з мэтай змагання з прыхільнікамі Станіслава І Ляшчынскага і падтрымкі мясцовых прыхільнікаў Аўгуста ІІІ. Заўважана, што Станіслава І Ляшчынскага падтрымала большасць шляхты Аршанскага павета і Полацкага ваяводства. Супраць іх і былі накіраваны дзеяннні расійскіх войскаў з корпуса Юрыя Рапніна. Гэтыя расійскія войскі сталі прычынай таго, што на баку Аўгуста ІІІ выказалася віцебская шляхта. Выяўлена, што пры падтрымцы расійскіх войскаў перавагу ў Мсціслаўскім ваяводстве таксама атрымалі прыхільнікі Аўгуста ІІІ; перамогі расійскіх войскаў над прыхільнікамі Ляшчынскага з Полацкага ваяводства і Аршанскага павета прымусілі мясцовую шляхту да канца 1734 года прызнаць уладу Аўгуста ІІІ

Sensitivity Gains by Mismatched Probabilistic Shaping for Optical Communication Systems

Probabilistic shaping of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is used to enhance the sensitivity of an optical communication system. Sensitivity gains of 0.43 dB and 0.8 dB are demonstrated in back-to-back experiments by shaping of 16QAM and 64QAM, respectively. Further, numerical simulations are used to prove the robustness of probabilistic shaping to a mismatch between the constellation used and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the channel. It is found that, accepting a 0.1 dB SNR penalty, only four shaping distributions are required to support these gains for 64QAM.Comment: Title and introduction were updated and the discussion of Section IV-B was extended. Additionally, some minor modifications were made to the manuscrip

Udział wojska Hetmanatu Lewobrzeżnego w polskiej wojnie sukcesyjnej w latach 1733–1735

THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LEFT-BANK HETMANATE’S ARMY IN THE WAR OF THE POLISH SUCCESSION 1733–1735 The war of the Polish succession from 1733 until 1734 was an important armed conflict in the history of Central and Eastern European countries. Undertaking a military intervention to fight for the Polish crown, the Russian Empire actively used the armed resources of its satellite state – the Left-Bank Hetmanate. Ukrainian Cossack regiments, comprising mostly light cavalry, were used by the Russian command to fight the army of Polish confederates – supporters of Stanisław Leszczyński, to organize reconnaissance, for defence, for patrolling and for convoy and courier services. During these two years, 16,000 Cossacks were mobilized to meet the Russian demand. Their participation in combat revealed the weak points of the Cossack army and contributed to its reform in 1735

Recording and reproduction of microwave holograms using a scanning procedure and their subsequent optical processing

Intensity distributions in nonoptical wave fields can be visualized and stored on photosensitive material. In the case of microwaves, temperature effects can be utilized with the aid of liquid crystals to visualize intensity distributions. Particular advantages for the study of intensity distributions in microwave fields presents a scanning procedure in which a microcomputer is employed for the control of a probe and the storage of the measured data. The present investigation is concerned with the employment of such a scanning procedure for the recording and the reproduction of microwave holograms. The scanning procedure makes use of an approach discussed by Farhat, et al. (1973). An eight-bit microprocessor with 64 kBytes of RAM is employed together with a diskette storage system

CRYSTAL Simulation Code and New Coherent Effects in Bent Crystal at the LHC

The LHC crystal-based collimation system is mainly addressed. A CRYSTAL simulation code for particle tracking in crystals is introduced. Its essence consists in both adequate and fast sampling of proton trajectories in crystals which is crucial for both correct description of experiments and quantitative prediction of new effects. The H8 single-pass experiment at the CERN SPS as well as 7 TeV proton deflection by a bent crystal at the LHC are simulated. We predict the existence of dechanneling peaks corresponding to the planar channeling oscillations as well as describe the possibility of their observation at high energies, specifically in the LHC crystal-assisted collimation experiment planned on 2015. An effect of excess over the amorphous level of ionization losses in the channeling mode was also found for the LHC energy. In addition, the LHC crystal-based collimation system is simulated as well as its possible improved layouts with application of a crystal with the cut and multiple volume reflection in one bent crystal.Comment: The results of this paper were presented on the 6th International Conference "Charged & Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena - Channeling 2014" organized by the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) held in Capri (Capri-Naples, Italy) on October 5-10, 201

Des lions et des étoiles : Dortous de Mairan, un physicien distingué

International audienceDe la glace a passé sous les ponts depuis qu'Abby Rose Kleinbaum intitulait sa thèse « Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan (1678-1771) : A Study of an Enlightenment Scientist » 1 : de nombreuses études ont renouvelé la connaissance des sciences au XVIII e siècle et des représentations que les siècles suivants en ont donné. La notion de « sciences des Lumières » a elle-même été l'objet d'études critiques dont la plus récente, portant sur les sciences mathématiques 2 , remet en cause la « naturalité » de la césure révolutionnaire, interrogeant les effets idéologiques d'une périodisation appliquée sans ménagement. De l'autre côté du siècle, à son début, la césure, moins nette il est vrai, mais tout aussi difficile à articuler sur une vision univoque des Lumières, se fait traditionnellement entre cartésiens et newtoniens : c'est ici que Dortous de Mairan apparaît comme un « passeur » entre cultures scientifiques, un cartonian (mixte de cartésien et de newtonien, si tant est que le sens de ces deux adjectifs soit stable), comme l'appelle Ellen McNiven Hine. Avant d'ouvrir ce dossier 3 qui fait écho aux deux journées d'étude tenues à l'Observatoire de Paris, les 30 novembre 2010 et 10 mars 2011 4 , et qui apporte de nouveaux éléments à ces délicates questions de périodisation, il nous faut donner une présentation de l'académicien, incontournable à l'époque, mais assez oublié aujourd'hui. Jean Jacques Dortous de Mairan (1678-1771) est, dans une longue première partie du XVIII e siècle, une figure essentielle du monde savant. Proche du pouvoir, membre d'académies savantes en France et en Europe, homme de salon et savant reconnu, il occupe une place centrale dans la diffusion des sciences en France 5. Néanmoins, après sa mort, sa notoriété disparaît peu à peu, et ses ouvrages ne sont plus étudiés. Pour comprendre cette transformation, les historiens, et plus particulièrement les historiens des sciences, se sont intéressés depuis une trentaine d'années à Jean Jacques Dortous de Mairan et à son oeuvre. Depuis les travaux de Daniel Roche

Taking Newton on tour: the scientific travel diaries of Martin Folkes, 1733-1735

Martin Folkes (1690-1754) was Newton’s protégé, an English antiquary, mathematician, numismatist and astronomer, who would in the latter part of his career become President of the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries at the same time. Folkes took a Grand Tour from 1732/3 to 1735, recording the Italian leg of his journey from Padua to Rome in his journal. This paper examines Folkes’s travel diary to analyse his intellectual development as a Newtonian and as a proponent of what I will term ‘antiquarian science’, a form of perigrination in which he used metrology to understand not only the aesthetics but the engineering principles of antique buildings and artefacts, as well as their context and place in the Italian landscape. Using Folkes’ diary, his account book of his journey in the Norwich archives, and accompanying correspondence with other natural philosophers such as Anders Celsius (1701-44) and Abbe Antonio Schinella Conti (1667-1749), I will also demonstrate in this paper to what extent this journey established his reputation as an international broker of Newtonianism as well as the overall primacy of English scientific instrumentation to Italian virtuosi

British diplomacy towards Spanish involvement in the war of Polish succession (1733–1735)

The aim of this article is to present the attitude of Great Britain to Spanish involvement in the war of Polish succession. Benjamin Keene, an envoy to Spain, played a key role in the British policy of that period. The British decided not to get involved in the conflict and from its first months tried to persuade Spain not to participate in it. Since 1734, the British together with the Dutch tried to mediate for peace. However, these efforts proved to be ineffective and did not bring any benefits to Albion

Finansowanie wojny o tron polski w latach 1733–1735 z perspektywy konfederacji partykularnej województw poznańskiego i kaliskiego

The article aims to show how the particular confederation of the provinces of Poznań and Kalisz, convened in defence of Stanisław Leszczyński after the double election of 1733, financed its military activities. The main research topics include how taxes were enacted and the scale of their collection, the specificity of the documentation that remained after this activity, and attempts to draw up a balance sheet of the finances of the particular confederation. These reflections will be based mainly on excellently preserved treasury materials from the archives of the Poznań Treasury Commission (assignments, receipts, registers, and accounts).Celem artykułu jest ukazanie sposobu finansowania działań militarnych przez konfederację partykularną województw poznańskiego i kaliskiego, zawiązaną w obronie Stanisława Leszczyńskiego po podwójnej elekcji w 1733 r. Głównymi zagadnieniami badawczymi będą: sposoby uchwalania podatków i skala realizacji ich poboru, specyfika wytworzonej wówczas dokumentacji oraz próby sporządzenia bilansu finansów konfederacji partykularnej. Podstawą tych rozważań będą głównie znakomicie zachowane materiały skarbowe z archiwum Komisji Skarbowej Poznańskiej (asygnacje, kwity, rejestry i rozliczenia)