Внутренняя и внешняя пропаганда Австро-Венгерской и Российской империй на Юго-Западном фронте в годы Первой мировой войны

Стаття присвячена питанням ідеологічного протистояння між Австро- Угорською та Російською імперіями часів Першої світової війни. Австро-угорська пропаганда використовувала образ “загрози зі сходу”, російські ідеологи – образ німецької імперії, що пригнічувала підданих слов’ян. На внутрішньому інформаційному фронті візуальна пропаганда була представлена плакатами та поштовими листівками. Зовнішня пропаганда на ворожу армію і населення здійснювалася передусім за допомогою повідомлень текстового характеру: листівок, відозв та прокламацій. Висвітлено стан сучасного дослідження проблематики та окреслені перспективи подальших досліджень.Article is devoted to the issues of ideological confrontation between the AustroHungarian and Russian empires during the World War I. Before the beginning of the war Ukraine was divided between two empires (the Russian and Austro-Hungarian). The problems of informational confrontation on the Ukrainian territory - Russian Empire’s South-Western Front (Galician front of Austro-Hungary) are outlined. The article describes the propaganda techniques which turn the image of the “other” into an image of an enemy. Austro-Hungarian propaganda used “the threat from the east” image; Russian ideologists used the image of the German empire, which was oppressing the Slavs. Various aspects of the upcoming war informational support were developed by military theorists of both empires. On the eve of the conflict the principles, objectives and directions of propaganda have been defined. Since the beginning of the warfare these plans have found their embodiment in the specific tools. Both empires established institutions, which were involved in the creation and production of agitation materials, constantly expanding informational tools, techniques, and the sphere of its usage. The article reviews the techniques of propaganda during the First World War, which were presented by the media, especially periodicals. Its target audience were the population and soldiers. Brochures, posters, leaflets and postcards produce agitational messages with emotive connotation. In the internal front area the visual propaganda was introduced with posters and postcards. The article outlines the means of agitation and propaganda among of army forces and the peaceful population during the First World War in the South-Western Front. On the basis of the propaganda implementation examples the importance of the war informational support which considered the religious, national, political peculiarities of the enemy army and state. The external propaganda, addressing the enemy armed forces and the population was carried out primarily via text message, those were: leaflets, appeals, and proclamations. The objectives of the war, attitudes toward allies and protagonists, front’s updates are reflected in propaganda and contribute to the analysis of informational techniques of the early XX century. The findings received are illustrated with examples. The article outlines the condition of contemporary research and the prospects for further investigations.Статья посвящена вопросам идеологического противостояния между Австро-Венгерской и Российской империями времен Первой мировой войны. Австро- венгерская пропаганда использовала образ “угрозы с востока”, российские идеологи – образ немецкой империи, угнетающей подданных славян. На внутреннем информационном фронте визуальная пропаганда была представлена плакатами и открытками. Внешняя пропаганда на вражескую армию и население осуществлялась, прежде всего, с помощью сообщений текстового характера: листовок, воззваний и прокламаций. Отражено состояние современного исследования проблематики и намечены перспективы дальнейших исследований

Інформаційне протистояння на південно-західному фронті Першої світової війни

У статті йдеться про інформаційне протистояння на південно-західному фронті Першої світової війни

Внутренняя и внешняя пропаганда Австро-Венгерской и Российской империй на Юго-Западном фронте в годы Первой мировой войны

Стаття присвячена питанням ідеологічного протистояння між Австро- Угорською та Російською імперіями часів Першої світової війни. Австро-угорська пропаганда використовувала образ “загрози зі сходу”, російські ідеологи – образ німецької імперії, що пригнічувала підданих слов’ян. На внутрішньому інформаційному фронті візуальна пропаганда була представлена плакатами та поштовими листівками. Зовнішня пропаганда на ворожу армію і населення здійснювалася передусім за допомогою повідомлень текстового характеру: листівок, відозв та прокламацій. Висвітлено стан сучасного дослідження проблематики та окреслені перспективи подальших досліджень.Article is devoted to the issues of ideological confrontation between the AustroHungarian and Russian empires during the World War I. Before the beginning of the war Ukraine was divided between two empires (the Russian and Austro-Hungarian). The problems of informational confrontation on the Ukrainian territory - Russian Empire’s South-Western Front (Galician front of Austro-Hungary) are outlined. The article describes the propaganda techniques which turn the image of the “other” into an image of an enemy. Austro-Hungarian propaganda used “the threat from the east” image; Russian ideologists used the image of the German empire, which was oppressing the Slavs. Various aspects of the upcoming war informational support were developed by military theorists of both empires. On the eve of the conflict the principles, objectives and directions of propaganda have been defined. Since the beginning of the warfare these plans have found their embodiment in the specific tools. Both empires established institutions, which were involved in the creation and production of agitation materials, constantly expanding informational tools, techniques, and the sphere of its usage. The article reviews the techniques of propaganda during the First World War, which were presented by the media, especially periodicals. Its target audience were the population and soldiers. Brochures, posters, leaflets and postcards produce agitational messages with emotive connotation. In the internal front area the visual propaganda was introduced with posters and postcards. The article outlines the means of agitation and propaganda among of army forces and the peaceful population during the First World War in the South-Western Front. On the basis of the propaganda implementation examples the importance of the war informational support which considered the religious, national, political peculiarities of the enemy army and state. The external propaganda, addressing the enemy armed forces and the population was carried out primarily via text message, those were: leaflets, appeals, and proclamations. The objectives of the war, attitudes toward allies and protagonists, front’s updates are reflected in propaganda and contribute to the analysis of informational techniques of the early XX century. The findings received are illustrated with examples. The article outlines the condition of contemporary research and the prospects for further investigations.Статья посвящена вопросам идеологического противостояния между Австро-Венгерской и Российской империями времен Первой мировой войны. Австро- венгерская пропаганда использовала образ “угрозы с востока”, российские идеологи – образ немецкой империи, угнетающей подданных славян. На внутреннем информационном фронте визуальная пропаганда была представлена плакатами и открытками. Внешняя пропаганда на вражескую армию и население осуществлялась, прежде всего, с помощью сообщений текстового характера: листовок, воззваний и прокламаций. Отражено состояние современного исследования проблематики и намечены перспективы дальнейших исследований

Modern Russian Reflections on the Soviet-Afghan War

The work is focused on the translation and analysis of Russian news articles in recent years which reflect on the Soviet-Afghan War of 1979-1989. Various sources offer lessons of the war, and the reflections carry criticisms of the Soviet failures in warfare and governance that created the present situation in Afghanistan, directly and with related consequences. The Soviet Union was a large conventional army that attempted to create political transformation in Afghanistan by supporting the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan in order to stop the perceived threat of radical political Islam, and its spread into the Soviet Central Asian republics after the Iranian 1979 Islamic Revolution. After ten years of war in Afghanistan, the Soviets withdrew and the USSR would soon collapse. The same reasons the Soviets lost the war were the cause of their own government falling

Культурно-просветительская деятельность Гомельского братства в 1909–1914 гг.

VOSOVICH S. М. Cultural and educational activity of the Gomel brotherhood in 1909–1914В статье анализируется культурно-просветительская работа Гомельского братства в 1909–1914 гг. Делается вывод о том, что деятельность указанной братской организации была направлена на укрепление позиций Русской Православной Церкви

Resursy kul´turnoi pamiati i politika pamiati o pervoi mirovoi voine v Rossii

Dans cet article, l’auteur analyse et évalue différents projets russes actuels de commémoration de la Première Guerre mondiale. Il souligne en quoi ces projets diffèrent de la politique mémorielle soviétique et apprécie leur probabilité de succès. L’histoire de la mémoire et/ou de l’oubli de la Première Guerre mondiale en URSS est comparée à celle de quelques uns des autres pays européens belligérants. Ce faisant, l’auteur prend en considération l’action conjuguée de différents acteurs : organisations gouvernementales ou de la société civile, historiens, éditeurs et mémorialistes. Une attention particulière est accordée à l’œuvre des écrivains et des artistes. Le développement de la littérature et de l’art russes dans les années 1914‑1917 se distinguait substantiellement de celui des principaux pays européens belligérants et ceci a notablement influé sur la mémoire culturelle sur la guerre. Cet impact est encore palpable à ce jour.The article reviews and evaluates different Russian World War I commemoration projects and shows how they differentiate themselves from Soviet remembrance policies. It compares the history of memory and/or oblivion of World War I in the USSR with similar projects in some other belligerent European countries. The author reviews the activities of different actors—government agencies, civil society organizations, historians, publishers, memoirists, paying particular attention to the role of artists and writers. The development of literature and arts between 1914 and 1917 in Russia was different from that in the European combatant countries and had a profound impact over the cultural memory of war. This impact can still be felt today

Политика памяти в России: Первая мировая война в европейском контексте

This article examines how the historical memory of World War I emerged and developed in Russia, and also compares it to how Europeans have thought about the conflict. The author argues that the politics of memory differed during the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. In the wake of the 1917 Revolution, Bolshevik efforts to “re-format” the memory of the Great War were part of its attempt to create a new society and new man. At the same time, the regime used it to mobilize society for the impending conflict with the ‘imperialist’ powers. The key actors that sought to inculcate the notion of the war with imperialism into Soviet mass consciousness were the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Communist Party, the Department of Agitation and Propaganda, and, in particular, the Red Army and Comintern. The latter two worked together to organize the major campaigns dedicated to war anniversaries, which were important both to reinforce the concept of imperialist war as well as to involve the masses in public commemorations, rituals and practices. The Soviet state also relied on organizations of war veterans to promote such commemorative practices while suppressing any alternative narratives. The article goes on to explain how, under Stalin, the government began to change the way it portrayed the Great War in the mid-1930s. And after the Second World War, Soviet politics of memory differed greatly from those in the West. In the USSR the Great Patriotic War was sacralized, while the earlier conflict remained a symbol of unjust imperialist wars. © 2021, RUDN UNiversity. All rights reserved.This research was supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation (Project № 18-18-00053 'Politics of Memory vs. Historical Memory: Napoleonic Wars and World War I in Anniversaries')