Indonesia social progress: the role of access to basic education in escaping from poverty trap

As Indonesia enters the post-pandemic world, it faces high uncertainty, especially in terms of access to basic education. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the education sector grew by 0.42%, the second-lowest of all sectors. However, its contribution to economic growth was the highest at 3.02%, surpassing six other sectors with higher growth. Despite this potential, access to education remains low. This research aimed to examine the role of access to basic education in alleviating poverty in Indonesia with the social progress perspective. The analytical framework for this research was based on the approach of Amartya Sen, who view poverty as capability deprivation. This research used educational data from BPS in 2022 from 34 provinces in Indonesia. The data were used to construct a social progress index, which measures access to basic education. The index was developed using nine indicators, namely primary school enrolment, secondary school attainment, population with no schooling, gender parity in secondary attainment, teacher-student ratio, teacher qualification, school proportion, classroom condition, and availability of water and sanitation. The index of access to basic education was then regressed along with other variables that are relevant to capability deprivation, as proposed by Hick. These variables include the Happiness Index, Democracy Index, Level of Health Inequality, and Crime Rate. The results indicated that all these variables had a significant impact on the poverty level. Among all the variables, access to basic education demonstrated the greatest influence compared to the other four variables. This suggests that access to basic education plays a critical role in poverty reduction. The research findings highlight the potential of using the Social Progress Index as a comprehensive metric for development, which offers a more inclusive understanding of progress. This index encompasses a broad framework comprising 60 indicators, and does not rely solely on GDP measurements

Local-Stability Analysis of Cascaded Control for a Switching Power Converter

Switching power converters are integral in various applications like transportation and renewable energy. After their design, ensuring stable closed-loop poles is critical to maintain safe operating conditions. This study focuses on a switching DC-DC boost converter with a cascade control approach using an energy controller for the outer loop and indirect-sliding mode control for the inner loop. The research objective involves investigating stability through eigenvalue evaluation at different operating points. A large-signal average model is applied to make controlled performance independent of the operating point by fixing system poles. Nonlinear controllers, specifically indirect-sliding mode control, are chosen for their robustness, constant switching frequency, and implementation ease. Results indicate that insufficient decoupling leads to eigenvalue displacement, impacting control parameter choices. The research contribution is investigating the local stability of cascaded control, considering its advantageous implications for both performance and design. This study contributes to the understanding of switching power converters' stability, emphasizing the proposed methodology's broader applicability to diverse converter structures. The proposed approach, applicable to various switching power converters, sheds light on the importance of proper decoupling between outer and inner loop dynamics

Standardized Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure, Assurance and Real Earnings Management: Evidence from Developing Countries

Research aims: This study aims to present empirical evidence on the effect of social responsibility disclosure on real earnings management and the role of assurance in this relationship. This is based on a paradox, where companies that publish standardized corporate social responsibility disclosures to project ethical business practices are also associated with accounting and financial scandals.Design/Methodology/Approach: This study conducted on non-financial sector companies in developing countries that are members of ASEAN-4, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, which issued GRI-based social responsibility disclosures in the period 2013-2019, with a number of 285 companies with a total of 895 observations.Research findings:  The results show that companies with standardized social responsibility disclosures tend to reduce their real earnings management practices. However the assurance variable mitigates the negative effect of corporate social responsibility on real earnings management, implying that assurance provides false credibility. In an additional analysis groups the samples based on board structure. The results of this study are consistent with two-tier board structures, suggesting that a one-tier system provides better information quality.Theoretical contribution/ Originality:. The originality of this study lies in a comprehensive measurement of social responsibility disclosure variables using an index that measures a combination of accountability and performance aspect. Furthermore, this study takes into account assurance as a variable representing the credibility of information, which surprisingly moderates the negative effect of social responsibility disclosure on real earnings management.Practitioner/Policy implication: The results of this study indicate the importance of standardized social responsibility disclosure in mitigating managerial opportunistic behavior. The findings also highlight the need to improve the assurance function to prevent its use as an opportunistic management tactic

The Classification of Aflatoxin Contamination Level in Cocoa Beans using Fluorescence Imaging and Deep learning

Aflatoxin contamination in cacao is a significant problem in terms of trade losses and health effects. This calls for the need for a non-invasive, precise, and effective detection strategy. This research contribution is to determine the best deep-learning model to classify the aflatoxin contamination level in cocoa beans based on fluorescence images and deep learning to improve performance in the classification. The process involved inoculating and incubating Aspergillus flavus (6mL/100g) to obtain aflatoxin-contaminated cocoa beans for 7 days during the incubation period. Liquid Mass Chromatography (LCMS) was used to quantify the aflatoxin in order to categorize the images into different levels including “free of aflatoxin”, “contaminated below the limit”, and “contaminated above the limit”.  300 images were acquired through a mini studio equipped with UV lamps.  The aflatoxin level was classified using several pre-trained CNN approaches which has high accuracy such as GoogLeNet, SqueezeNet, AlexNet, and ResNet50. The sensitivity analysis showed that the highest classification accuracy was found in the GoogLeNet model with optimizer: Adam and learning rate: 0.0001 by 96.42%. The model was tested using a testing dataset and obtain accuracy of 96% based on the confusion matrix. The findings indicate that combining CNN with fluorescence images improved the ability to classify the amount of aflatoxin contamination in cacao beans. This method has the potential to be more accurate and economical than the current approach, which could be adapted to reduce aflatoxin's negative effects on food safety and cacao trade losses

Tindak Pidana Pemberontakan dalam Perspektif Hadits

Rebellion is a crime that is strictly prohibited in Islam. This article aims to explore the Hadith perspective on the issue of rebellion. Hadith is a collection of sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), considered as one of the main sources of Islamic law. The article begins by defining the concept of rebellion and its various forms. It then highlights the importance of obeying legitimate authority and presents views according to Islamic law and positive law in Indonesia, as well as the consequences of rebelling against them.The article also discusses Hadith that emphasizes the importance of unity among Muslims and the dangers of division and rebellion. In addition, the article discusses the consequences of rebellion, which not only disrupt peace and societal stability but also go against the principles of justice and fairness. The article also emphasizes the importance of peaceful protest and legitimate means to seek change, rather than resorting to rebellion and violence.Overall, Hadith emphasizes the importance of upholding the law and avoiding rebellion, which can cause chaos and instability. Muslims are urged to maintain unity and work towards peaceful means in solving problems and bringing positive change in society. The article concludes that obedience to Hadith can be a powerful tool in promoting peace, justice, and harmony in society.Keyword: perspective of Hadits, crime, rebellion, positive law and Islamic Law AbstrakPemberontakan merupakan tindak pidana yang dilarang secara tegas dalam Islam. Penelitian berupa tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjelajahi perspektif Hadist mengenai isu pemberontakan. Hadist adalah kumpulan ucapan dan tindakan Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W), yang dianggap sebagai salah satu sumber utama hukum Islam.Tulisan ini dimulai dengan mendefinisikan konsep pemberontakan dan berbagai bentuknya. Kemudian menyoroti pentingnya patuh pada otoritas yang sah dan juga memaparkan pandangan menurut hukum islam dan hukum positif yang ada diindonesia serta konsekuensi dari memberontak terhadap mereka. Tulisan ini juga membahas Hadist yang menekankan pentingnya persatuan umat Islam dan bahaya dari perpecahan dan pemberontakan.Selain itu, tulisan ini membahas konsekuensi pemberontakan, yang tidak hanya mengganggu perdamaian dan stabilitas masyarakat tetapi juga bertentangan dengan prinsip keadilan dan keadilan. Tulisan ini juga menyoroti pentingnya protes damai dan sarana yang sah untuk mencari perubahan, daripada menggunakan pemberontakan dan kekerasan.Secara keseluruhan, Hadist menekankan pentingnya menjunjung hukum dan menghindari pemberontakan, yang dapat menyebabkan kekacauan dan ketidakstabilan. Umat Muslim diimbau untuk mempertahankan persatuan dan bekerja menuju sarana damai dalam menyelesaikan masalah dan membawa perubahan positif dalam masyarakat. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa ketaatan pada Hadist dapat menjadi alat yang kuat dalam mempromosikan perdamaian, keadilan, dan harmoni dalam masyarakat

Design and Implementation of Fuzzy Logic for Obstacle Avoidance in Differential Drive Mobile Robot

Autonomous mobile robots based on wheel drive are widely used in various applications. The differential drive mobile robot (DDMR) is one type with wheel drive. DDMR uses one actuator to move each wheel on the mobile robot. Autonomous capabilities are needed to avoid obstacles around the DDMR. This paper presents implementing a fuzzy logic algorithm for obstacle avoidance at a low cost (DDMR). The fuzzy logic algorithm input is obtained from three ultrasonic sensors installed in front of the DDMR with an angle difference between the sensors of 45$^0$. Distance information from the ultrasonic sensors is used to regulate the speed of the right and left motors of the DDMR. Based on the test results, the Mamdani inference system using the fuzzy logic algorithm was successfully implemented as an obstacle avoidance algorithm. The speed values of the right and left DDMR wheels produce values according to the rules created in the Mamdani inference system. DDMR managed to pass through a tunnel-shaped environment and reach its goal without hitting any obstacles around it. The average speed produced by DDMR in reaching the goal is 4.91 cm/s

Victim of Robberies Becomes Suspect: Indonesian Criminal Law and Human Rights Perspective

A young man from East Nusa Tenggara had to experience the crime of being a victim of a robbery, but unfortunately, he was named a suspect for killing the robber to defend himself. In the Indonesian legal basis, citizens have the right to defend themselves, protect and feel safe from the threat of fear, but what happened to the youth is contrary to this legal basis. The purpose of this research is to analyze the reasons why victims of robbery are named suspects with the aim of defending themselves from the perspective of Indonesian criminal law and human rights. The author also relates the decision to the existing laws and regulations, is the decision relevant to the law or not? This research adopts the normative legal research method. The results of this research are to provide new information regarding the right action and how to defend oneself according to the law if experiencing a similar criminal event. The findings of the research show that victims of robbery can take evasion actions by seeking self-protection from the authorities or by running away for their own safety, and according to the law, murder is a criminal act so that the victim can be made a suspect but there are other consideration

‘I feel like I am more respected here in Thailand’: Indonesian EFL Teachers' Experiences and Challenges in Thai Elementary Schools

With the growth of teacher mobility, where teachers from diverse cultural backgrounds attempt to broaden their teaching experiences, the resulting global community has given rise to new and challenging educational environments. In Thailand, numerous English programs welcome teachers from different countries, accordingly contributing to the nuances of foreign English teachers' experiences. This study aims to delve into the experiences and challenges faced by Indonesian EFL teachers working in Thailand. In the context of the globalized educational system, the inclusion of Indonesian teachers in this study is essential. Their distinct cultural experiences and challenges not only enhance multicultural understanding but also contribute significantly to the existing literature on teaching English in foreign settings. Utilizing a qualitative research approach, this study conducted multiple semi-structured interviews with two Indonesian EFL teachers employed in both a public elementary school and a private elementary school in Thailand. The findings reveal that teaching English in Thailand has provided them with valuable insights and has been a transformative experience, enhanced their professional growth. The findings also provide comprehensive insights into the unique challenges faced by these teachers, particularly regarding language barriers, cultural adaptation, and professional relationships. This study not only illuminates the challenges encountered by teachers but also underscores the considerable potential for personal and professional growth within the ever-evolving landscape of teaching English oversea