Dizajn, klasifikacija, perspektiva i moguća aplikacija dronova u poljoprivredu Srbije

The paper analyzes the possibility and the needs for the use of specific types of robots (mini unmanned aircraft with different designs and the designation of UAVs) and the possibility of using in agriculture (agrodrone). The year 2015 was proclaimed (Fortune Magazine, 2016) as the year of increasing and widespread use of UAVs in various areas of human activity, especially in agriculture and forestry (75% of use). This is important for large farm areas, where UAV has many useful functions and a very cost-effective commercial application. Today, the needs for UAVs have increased sharply with various opportunities for both civilian and military needs. There is also a significant interest in the development of new drones that can autonomously fly in different environments and locations and can perform various missions and tasks. Over the past decade, a wide range of applications for drones has gained the significance that led to the discovery of various types of unmanned UAVs of different sizes and weights. In this review, the classification of UAVs ranging based on a detailed overview of the development of the drone industry in recent years, this paper demonstrates the evolution of drones and differents application technologies. Of course, this development is very advanced and revolutionary, as well as the development of mobile and smart phones and the Internet, which will open the way for many users to participate in defining the future of UAV implementation. LIVONA Company, Belgrade, Serbia (and Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade, in tehnical cooperation) has a study and plans on the implementation of the model micro drone EBee SQ Livona RTK in the future general plans for inspection of protection Soils of territory Minicipality of Stara Pazova (351 km2), and agricultural company Napredak , and exspecially plans for soils of agriculture of R. Serbia. VEKOM GeoCompany from Belgrade, (in cooperation with Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade), has a study and plans on the implementation of the model of the drone Aibot KX6 model, in the future of application of agricultural soils of region Open pit Kolubara for area from app. 600 km2 and the other soils of Region). Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade, in cooperation with Municipality of Ub, has a study and plans on the implementation of the model micro drone Hubsan H109S X4 PRO in the future plans general inspection of protection Soils and Waters of territory of Municipality Ub (456 km2).U radu su analizirane mogućnosti i potrebe upotrebe specifičnih vrsta robota (mini bespilotnih letelica sa različitim dizajnom, označane kao UAV) i način korištenja u poljoprivredi (agrodron). Časopis Fortune je 2015.godinu proglasio kao godinu sve većeg i široko rasprostranjene upotrbe UAV letelica, u različitim oblastima ljudske delatnosti, posebno u poljoprivredi i šumarstvu (75% upotrebe). Ovo je naročito važno za velike farme i oblasti pod šumama, gde UAV ima mnogo korisnih funkcija i veoma isplative komercijalne aplikacije. Danas, potrebe za UAV imaju nagli porast sa različitim mogućnostima kako za civilne tako i za vojne potrebe. Takođe postoji značajan interes za razvoj novih bespilotnih letelica koji mogu autonomno leteti u različitim okruženjima i lokacijama i obaviti različite misije i zadatke. Tokom protekle decenije XXI veka, širok spektar aplikacija za bespilotne letelice je dobio značaj koji je doveo do konstrukcija različitih tipova bespilotnih UAV, različitih veličina i težina i svakako namene. Naravno, tehnološki razvoj kod dron sistema je veoma tehničko-tehnološki napredan i revolucionaran, uz razvoj mobilnih i pametnih (android) telefona i interneta, brzo otvora puteve i mogućnosti za mnoge korisnike u definisanju nove budućnosti implementacije UAV u različitim oblastima primene . Kompanija Livona d.o.o., Beograd i Institut za poljoprivrednu tehniku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Beogradu, u tehničkoj saradnji imaju planove o implementaciji modela mikro drona EBee SK Livona RTK u narednim generalnim planovima za inspekciju, zaštitu i korišćenje poljoprivrednih zemljišta Republike Srbije, i posebno teritorije Opštine Stara Pazova (351 km2), gde je posebno mesto poljoprivrednog preduzeća Napredak a.d. VekomGeo d.o.o, Beograd u saradnji sa Institutom za poljoprivrednu tehniku Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Beogradu ima planove o budućoj upotrebi drona model Aibot X6, za nadzor na površinama od 600 km2 (i poljoprivredna zemljišta) otvorenog kopa R.B. Kolubara ili drugih objekata. Institut za poljoprivrednu tehniku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Beogradu, ima planove o saradnji sa opštinom Ub, zbog upotrebe modela mikro drona Hubsan H109S Ks4 PRO u inspekciji oko zaštite i načina korišćenja zemljišta i voda na ovoj teritoriji (456 km2)

Hidraulički simboli - Deo II: pumpe i izvršni organi

At the current level of technological development, it is widely accepted that survival and progress of modern agricultural technology (among other things) is based on the widespread application of electronically controlled hydraulic systems, supported by mechanical elements of power transmission and control. This paper is a logical continuation of the first part, entitled "Hydraulic symbols - part I: general symbols and designations of measuring instruments and indicators". Therefore, the current second part of the paper is devoted to the presentation and description of hydraulic symbols of pumps and various types of actuators: linear, rotary and oscillatory. Symbols of the combined-function devices, which can optionally function in two different operating modes, such as pumps or motors, are also shown. Standard symbols of all groups of hydraulic components, which are in the focus of this paper, are standardized and defined by ISO industry standards.Na sadašnjem nivou tehnološkog razvoja, opšte je prihvaćeno mišljenje da savremena poljoprivredna tehnika, između ostalog, svoj napredak zasniva na širokoj primeni elektronski kontrolisanih hidrauličkih sistema, podržanih mehaničkim elementima prenosa snage i upravljanja. Ovaj rukopis predstavlja logičan nastavak prvog dela rada, pod nazivom „Hidraulički simboli - deo I: opšti simboli i oznake mernih instrumenata i indikatora“, posvećenog pripadajućoj tematici. Zato je drugi deo rada posvećen prikazu i opisu hidrauličkih simbola pumpi i različitih tipova izvršnih hidrauličkih organa i to: linearnih, rotacionih i oscilatornih. Takođe su predstavljeni i simboli uređaja kombinovane namene, koji opciono mogu funkcionisati u dva različita radna režima, kao hidrauličke pumpe ili hidraulički motori. Simboli svih grupa hidrauličkih komponenata, koje su u fokusu ovog rada, standardizovani su i definisani ISO industrijskim standardima

Ubiranje soje kombajnom Claas Lexion 430 -ekploatacioni parametri

Soya (Glycine) is one of the most important crop plant. It produces products for human and domestic animals and processing industry. It is an important protein and oil plant. The soybean seeds contain more proteins (35-50%) and fats (17-24%) and fewer carbohydrates than others leguminous plants. Research of the Claas Lexion 430 combine harvester in a mercantile soybeans harvest shown that losses in uncut pods were in all measurements above tolerant 2% and ranged from 2.46% to 2.94%. Losses on the thresher in the free grain were ranged from 0.18% to 0.34% on average to 0.26%, which is satisfactory in relation to the given 0.3%. The average losses in the unthreshedpods are 0.35%, which is more than the projected level, but for the conditions of harvesting it can be accepted as satisfactory, due to the large percentage of weeds in the field.Soja (Glycine) je jedna od najvažnijih ratarskih kultura, od koje se dobijaju proizvodi važni u ishrani ljudi i domaćih životinja i za preradu u industriji. Soja je važan izvor belančevina i ulja. Seme soje sadrži više proteina (35- 50%) i masti (17- 24%), a manje ugljenih hidrata od ostalih mahunastih biljaka. Kombajn Claas Lexion 430 posle eksploatacionih istraživanja imao je u žetvi merkantilne soje gubitke u neodrezanim mahunama u svim merenjima iznad tolerantnih 2%. Ovi gubici su bili u intervalu od 2,46 % do 2,94 %. Kombajn Claas Lexion 430 na vršalici ima gubitke u slobodnom zrnu koji su varirali od 0,18% do 0,34 % (proseku 0,26%), što je zadovoljavajuće u odnosu na zadatih 0,3 %. Prosečni gubici u neovršenim mahunama su 0,35 %, što je više od projektovanog nivoa, ali se za uslove ubiranja mogu prihvatiti kao zadovoljavajući, iz razloga značajne zakorovljenosti parcele

Karakteristike powershift menjača kod poljorivrednih traktora

This paperwork paper presents and analises the functioning of one main tractor assemblies, precisely the transmission. This includes and it is applied to a technologically advanced gearbox solution such as Full PowerShift. This type of gearbox is the most represented currently on the market because it is transmission without interruption of power flow. Also, there will be adequate proportional solenoid valve that is an integral part of the transmission. With its construction and function, it provides specificity in gear changes. Changing gears without interrupting the power stream, during transportation does not result in stopping the tractor and changing the engine mode due to load and nominal power of machine. The overrun and in between struggle of manufacturers for the most efficient and rational solution today has led to the offer of an extremely wide range of various gearboxes. Gearboxes with different electronical elements give different exploatations characteristics. In this way, they form differential types of gearboxes, which different so much that it is almost impossible to capture them in a proper analysis.Ovaj rad daje prikaz i analizu funkcionisanja jednog od traktorskih sklopova, tačnije transmisije. To se odnosi na tehnološki napredno rešenje menjačkih sklopova kao što je Full PowerShift. Ovaj tip menjača je najzastuplјeniji trenutno na tržištu jer je menjač bez prekida toka snage. Takođe, biće reči i o proporcionalnom solenoidnom ventilu koji je sastavni deo ove transmisije. Svojom konstrukcijom i funkcijom omogućava specifičnost u promeni stepena prenosa. Promena stepeni prenosa bez prekida toka snage, u transportu nema za posledicu zaustavlјanje traktora i promene režima rada motora. Konkurencija proizvođača za najefikasnijim i najracionalnijim rešenjem uslovila je danas ponudu izuzetno širokog spektra razičitih menjačkih sklopova. Menjački sklopovi sa upotrebom različitih elektronskih elementa daju različite eksploatacione karakteristike. Na taj način formiraju pojedine tipove menjača, koji se u tolikoj meri razlikuju da ih je skoro nemoguće obuhvatiti jednom analizom

Hidraulički simboli - deo III: Ventili

Similar to human health, the importance of hydraulics sometimes becomes apparent only in her absence. Images and motives of agricultural workers from the past times and centuries can look attractive only on paintings of arts. In reality, it was a very hard and sometimes quite dangerous job. The introduction of hydraulics in construction of modern farming machines, agriculture is less demanding for all farm workers, but also more efficient, which is of particular importance for providing enough food for the growing world during the 20-th century. Achieving high efficiency, reliability and long service life of these systems requires sophisticated diagnostics and failure repairment, regular maintenance and careful use of each hydraulic system, and this is only possible with a good knowledge of the functional principles of all elements, their connections and the whole system. However, modern hydraulic systems of agricultural machines are often very complicated, and the construction of their components is too complex for detailed graphic representation within the whole corresponding hydraulic installation. Therefore, instead of detailed representation of the components, schematic diagrams are used. This manuscript represents a logical continuation of the first and second parts of the paper, devoted to the general symbols, labels of measuring instruments and indicators (part one), as well as pumps and actuators (part two). The third) part of the paper presents the hydraulic symbols of the system control elements - hydraulic valves. The graphical symbols of these components are defined by ISO standards.Slično ljudskom zdravlju, značaj hidraulike ponekad postaje vidljiv samo u njenom odsustvu. Slike i motivi radnika u poljoprivredi iz prošlih vremena i vekova mogu izgledati privlačno samo na umetničkim slikama. U stvarnosti, to je bio veoma naporan i ponekad prilično opasan posao. Uvođenje hidraulike u konstrukcije savremenih poljoprivrednih mašina za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju, učinilo je poljoprivredu fizički manje zahtevnom za radnike, ali i efikasnijom, što je od posebne važnosti za obezbeđenje hrane rastuće svetske populacije tokom XX veka. Postizanje visoke efikasnosti, pouzdanosti i dugog radnog veka ovih sistema zahteva naprednu dijagnostika i otklanjanje kvarova, redovno održavanje i pažljivo korišćenje svakog hidrauličkog sistema, a to je moguće samo uz dobro poznavanje funkcionalnih principa svih elemenata, njihovih veza i sistema u celini. Međutim, savremeni hidraulički sistemi poljoprivrednih mašina često su veoma komplikovani, a konstrukcija njihovih komponenata previše kompeksna za detaljno grafičko predstavljanje u sastavu pripadajuće hidrauličke instalacije. Zato, umesto detaljnog predstavljanja komponenata, koriste se odgovarajući šematski dijagrami. Ovaj tekst predstavlja logičan nastavak prvog i drugog dela rada, posvećenih opštim simbolima, oznakama mernih instrumenata i indikatora (prvi deo), kao i pumpama i izvršnim elementima (drugi deo). Treći deo rada prikazuje hidrauličke simbole elemenata za upravljanje – hidrauličke ventile. Grafičke simboličke oznake upravljačkih komponenata su definisane ISO standardima

Performanse hibridnog fotovoltažnog / toplotnog sušenja u toplo-vlažnom regionu Nigerije

This paper presents a study carried out to investigate the performance of a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal crop dryer in hot humid region of Umuagwo-Ohaji in the South-east region of Nigeria, through energy and exergy analyses, drying, electrical and thermal efficiencies, energy utilization and energy utilization ratio, sustainability indicators such as waste energy ratio (WER), sustainability index (SI) and improvement potential (IP). Drying experiments were conducted at varying inlet air temperatures (50, 60 and 70oC), airflow rates (1.14, 2.29 and 3.43 kgs-1) and slice thicknesses (10, 15 and 20 mm) on 500g batch size of red pepper slices during sunshine periods. Results obtained show that the total and specific energy consumption for drying a batch of sliced red pepper samples varied between 2.08 – 34.91kJ and 7.04 – 62.76 kJkg-1, respectively. The energy utilization and energy utilization ratio during the drying process ranged from 195.75 – 3013.21 Js-1 and 1.82 – 20.4%, respectively. The energy and exergy efficiencies varied between 15.67- 38.17% and 26% to 88%, respectively. The mean drying efficiency of the system ranged from 7.12 – 40.27%. The maximum electrical and thermal efficiencies of 23.86% and 93.03%, respectively were obtained. A waste energy ratio of 0.0827 - 0.1579 was obtained, whereas SI and IP values ranged between 1.137 ≤ SI ≤ 6.119 and 0.198 ≤ IP ≤0.583kW, respectively. There is certainly a wide range of improvement in the PV/T system as 12.1 – 18.4 % of the solar irradiance was consumed for drying. Prospects for improvement and recommendations for further studies were suggested.Ovaj rad predstavlja studiju koja je sprovedena u cilju ispitivanja performansi hibridne fotonaponske/termičke sušare u toplo-vlažnom regionu Umuagvo-Ohaji, jugoistočni region Nigerije, kroz energetske i eks energijske analize: sušenje, električne i toplotne efikasnosti , koeficijent korišćenja energije i iskorišćenja energije, indikatori održivosti kao što su odnos energije otpada (VER), indeks održivosti (SI) i potencijal za poboljšanje (IP). Eksperimenti sušenja su sprovedeni na različitim temperaturama ulaznog vazduha (50, 60 i 70oC), brzinama protoka vazduha (1,14, 2,29 i 3,43 kg-1) i debljinama preseka (10, 15 i 20 mm) na 500g serije šarži crvenog bibera tokom perioda izlaganju sunčevoj svetlosti. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da ukupna i specifična potrošnja energije za sušenje serije rezanih uzoraka crvene paprike varira između 2,08 - 34,91 kJ i 7,04 - 62,76 kJkg-1, respektivno. Koeficijent korišćenja energije i iskorišćenosti energije tokom procesa sušenja kretao se od 195,75 do 3013,21 Js-1 i 1,82 do 20,4%, respektivno. Efikasnost energije i eks energije varira od 15,67 do 38,17% i 26% do 88%, respektivno. Srednja efikasnost sušenja sistema kretala se od 7,12 do 40,27%. Dobijene maksimalne električne i toplotne efikasnosti su od 23,86% i 93,03%. Dobijen je odnos energije energije od 0.0827 do 0.1579, dok su SI i IP vrijednosti u rasponu 1.137 ≤ SI ≤ 6.119 i 0.198 ≤ IP ≤ 0.583 kV, respektivno. Svakako postoji širok spektar poboljšanja u PV / T sistemu kao 12,1 do 18,4% solarnog zračenja koje je potrošeno za sušenje. Predložene su perspektive za poboljšanje i preporuke za dalje studije

Parametri efikasnosti mašina za dorado semena crvene deteline i lucerke

The paper presents the testing results during seed processing of natural seed of red clover and alfalfa, with different initial purity. Because of their exceptional importance in the production of animal feed in the Republic of Serbia, a large number of perennial leguminous plants are grown. The most important leguminous fodders in Serbia are alfalfa and red clover. This is because of the areas they occupy, as well as the nutritional quality for domestic animals. The seed used for the crop establishment of these plants must be clean, with high germination and genetic value. Many of these requirements could be accomplished by seed processing and removing all impurities and seeds of poorer quality. The aim of this study was to show the parameters of efficiency of processing machines of these two perennial legumes seed. The basic indicators of the parameters of efficiency of seed processing are the quality and quantity of the obtained seed. All relevant parameters which define the characteristics of seed processing machines are presented: pure seed (%), weed and other seed crops (%), inert matter (%), amount of processed seed (kg), seed losses (%) and processing output (%). The obtained results enable the selection of suitable equipment and their proper adjustment for seed processing, depending on the quantity and type of weeds and other ingredients presented in the natural seed.Rad prikazuje rezultate ispitivanja dorade naturalnog semena crvene deteline i lucerke različitih početnih čistoća, na mašinama za doradu. U Republici Srbiji gaji se veći broj višegodišnjih leguminoza zbog njihovog izuzetnog značaja u proizvodnji stočne hrane. Najznačajnije višegodišnje krmne leguminoze u Srbiji po površinama na kojima se gaje, kao i po kvalitetu hraniva u ishrani domaćih životinja su lucerka i crvena detelina. Seme koje se koristi za setvu za njihovu proizvodnju mora da bude čisto, visoke klijavosti i genetske vrednosti. Svi ovi zahtevi ostvaruje se doradom, odnosno odstranjivanjem svih nečistoća i semena lošijeg kvaliteta. Cilj ispitivanja bio je da se pri doradi semena ove dve višegodišnje leguminoze prikažu koji su parametri efikasnosti mašina za doradu. Prikazani su svi relevantni parametri koji definišu karakteristike mašina za doradu semena, a to su: čisto seme (%), seme korova i seme drugih kultura (%), inertne materije (%), količina dorađenog semena (kg), gubici semena (%) i randman dorade (%). Dobijeni rezultati omogućavaju izbor odgovarajućih mašina i njihovo pravilno podešavanje pri doradi semena, u zavisnosti od količine i vrste korova i ostalih primesa koje se nalaze u naturalnom semenu

Konvolucijske neuronske mreže - primena u preciznoj poljoprivredi

A promising concept of artificial intelligence that records intense developments in the field of digital imaging is Deep Learning (DL). More intensive research within this field has been recorded over the past two decades, and has been applied in the agricultural industry as well. This paper will describe the DL technology which represents a part of Machine Learning (ML), based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). It takes a special application in a machine vision where it allows machines to learn from experience, adapt to new technologies, and perform human tasks. Input data can be from a variety of sources: from classic digital camera shots to satellite images, as well as from recordings obtained by means of hyperspectral, thermal and infrared cameras. The increasing popularity and use of trunks in agricultural fields is increasing, and the very application of these new technologies leads to the huge amount of data that needs to be processed in real time, therefore, DL algorithms are increasingly used. The paper will summarize the current and considered possible applications of CNN in primary and precise agriculture in the future.Obećavajući koncept veštačke inteligencije koji beleži intenzivan razvoj u oblasti digitalne obrade slike je duboko učenje (Deep Learning – DL). Intenzivnije istraživanje u okviru ove oblasti beleži se poslednje dve decenije, a primenu poprima i u poljoprivrednoj industiji. U okviru ovog radu opisana je tehnologija DL koja predstavlja deo mašinskog učenja (Machine Learning – ML), bazirajući se na konvolucijske neuralne mreže (Convolution Neural Networks – CNN). Posebnu primenu zauzima u mašinskoj viziji gde omogućava mašinama da uče iz iskustva, prilagođavaju se novim tehnologijama i obavljaju ljudske zadatke. Ulazni podaci mogu biti iz raznovrsnih izvora: od klasičnih digitalnih snimaka kamere do satelitskih snimaka, kao i snimaka dobijenih pomoću hiperspektralnih, termalnih i infrared kamera. Sve je veća popularnost i upotreba dronova na poljoprivrednim površinama, a samom primenom ovih novih tehnologija dolazi se do ogromnog broja podataka koje je potrebno obraditi u realnom vremenu, stoga se i algoritmi DL sve više upotrebljavaju. U radu su prikazane dosadašnje primene CNN u primarnoj i preciznoj poljoprivredi kao i moguće primene DL u budućnosti

Hidraulički simboli - deo IV: razvodni ventili

The mechanization of a wide variety of production processes and operations in modern primary agricultural production, transport, storage and the accompanying food processing industry can hardly be accomplished without automation. In most cases, production efficiency and environmental sustainability require, among other things, accurate control of the flow of energy within the installations, work machines, devices and mechanisms used. From the point of view of the theory of automatic control and regulation, the elements of the engaged technique: machines, devices and mechanisms represent the objects of control. The controlled routing and optimal delivery of energy to desired management facilities is, as a rule, very rarely uniform, as it must have correctlyaligned timing with the current variable requirements of the production or operation process, which often change quite unpredictably over the time. The required amount of energy can be transferred to consumers in agriculture through the application of appropriate mechanical, electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic systems, as well as with their combinations. All existing kinds of energy transmission systems have certain advantages and disadvantages, with a common requirement for appropriate controls. In the focus of interest of this paper are the graphic symbols of the directional control valves for hydraulic transmission and control, designated as hydraulic directional control valves, or shorter, the hydraulic distributors.Mehanizacija mnogobrojnih proizvodnih procesa i operacija u savremenoj primarnoj poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, transportu, skladištenju i pratećoj prehrambenoj prerađivačkoj industriji teško se može ostvariti bez automatizacije. U najvećem broju slučajeva, proizvodna efikasnost i ekološka održivost zahtevaju, između ostalog, preciznu kontrolu toka energije u okviru primenjenih instalacija, radnih mašina, uređaja i mehanizmima. Sa gledišta teorije automatskog upravljanja, elementi angažovane tehnike, mašine, uređaji i mehanizmi, mogu predstavljati objekte upravljanja. Kontrolisano usmeravanje i optimalno dostavljanje određene količine energije željenim objektima upravljanja po pravilu je veoma retko uniformno, jer mora biti usklađeno sa vremenski nepredvidivim promenama zahteva proizvodnog procesa ili operacije. Potrebna energija može se preneti prema potrošačima u poljoprivredi primenom odgovarajućih mehaničkih, električnih, pneumatskih ili hidrauličkih sistema, kao i njihovim sadejstvom. Svi postojeći tipovi sistema prenosa energije imaju izvesne prednosti i nedostatke, uz zajednicki zahtev za odgovarajućim upravljačkim elementima. U fokusu ovog rada su grafički simboli upravljačkih ventila hidrauličkog prenosa energije (snage) i upravljačkih signala, označeni kao hidraulički razvodni ventili, ili hidraulički razvodnici

Projektovanje i razvoj mašine za mehaničko sabijanje osušene čili paprike

Dried chillies are packed in gunny bags non-uniformly in different packing sizes. Dried chilies, being low bulk material occupies large volume, need to be compacted before it is bagged to gunny bags. Conventionally, dried chilies are compacted by labor in the field itself by tying gunny bag to a tripod stand and simultaneous filling of dried chilies and trampling by feet till overall weight of the bag reaches 40-45 kg. Conventional method is highly labor intensive involves drudgery, low productive (3 laborers can compact a quantum of 8 bags per hour) and causes burning sensation to the labor. An attempt has been made to design and develop portable mechanical machine to compact dry chilies and bag. Evaluation of developed machine has been conducted at farmer’s field in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh - India. The capacity of the developed machine was found to be 18 bags/h, technically feasible and economically viable. There is a saving of Rs 9.68 per bag in mechanized compaction and bagging process with an improvement in productivity over 150%.Osušene čili paprike se pakuju (konvencionalno sušenje u polju na vazduhu) u vreće bez nekog određenog oblika u različitim veličinama pakovanja (vreće). Na ovaj način osušene čili paprike imaju veliku ukupnu zapreminu, koju treba smanjiti na manju zapreminu, pre nego što se upakuju u vreće. Tradicionalno se osušeni materijal čili paprika sabija na samom polju gaženjem nogama radnika sve dok ukupna težina vreće ne dostigne 40-45 kg. Ova konvencionalna metoda je radno intezivna, ima malu produktivnost (3 radnika sabijanjem napune 8 vreća/čas), i izaziva snažan neprijatan i nelagodan osećaj ljutine kod radnika. Dizajnirana je i napravljena prenosna mehanička mašina za sabijanje (kompakciju) osušenog čilija u vreće. Ispitivanje ove razvijene kompakt mašine je obavljeno na polju u okrugu Guntur u državi Andhra Pradesh - Indija. Kapacitet ove razvijene mašine je 18 vreća/čas, što tehnički je izvodljivo i ekonomski isplativo. Ušteda od 9,68 Rs po vreći u postupku mehanizovanog sabijanja i sakupljanja osušene čili paprike ima poboljšanje produktivnosti od preko 150%