Fire severity shows limited dependence on fuel structure under adverse fire weather conditions: a case study of two extreme wildfire events

Fire Ecology is the official journal of the Association for Fire Ecology[EN] Background Extreme wildfire events (EWEs) are becoming increasingly frequent in many biomes worldwide. Although the drivers of fire severity are generally well understood, current knowledge in the context of EWEs remains limited. In this study, we focused on two pyro‑convective wildfires, classified as extreme based on current definitions, that occurred in northwest Spain during 2022. The differenced Normalized Burn Ratio‑Enhanced Vegetation Index (dNBR‑EVI) computed from Sentinel‑2 multispectral imagery was used as a proxy for fire severity. Among other datasets, we leveraged ecologically relevant LiDAR‑derived metrics capturing fuel density and leaf area density distribution across different strata, along with high‑resolution meteorological data (vapor pressure deficit; VPD) as a proxy for dead fine fuel moisture content, to investigate the relative importance of fuel type and structure, fire weather, and topography in determining fire severity in EWEs through a Random Forest (RF) modeling approach. Results The RF model explained the spatial variability of fire severity with high accuracy (R 2 = 0.81). Among the predictors, LiDAR‑based metrics indicative of surface, ladder, and canopy fuel density, as well as VPD, were identified as the most influential drivers of fire severity in the two EWEs analyzed. Coniferous forests exhibited the highest fire severity, associated with structurally homogeneous fuel loads across multiple strata that may promote surface and crown fire spread. In contrast, broadleaf‑dominated forests and mosaic landscapes with agricultural areas displayed lower fire severity, highlighting their potential to moderate fire behavior. Under extremely dry conditions (high VPD), fire severity showed little sensitivity to variations in fuel parameters, indicating that fire weather may override bottom‑up controls under this circumstance. Conversely, under low to moderate VPD values, high fire severity was observed when very hazardous fuel accumulation and arrangement were present. Topographic factors, although slightly contributing to severity, proved relatively less important in the two EWEs. Conclusions Our results emphasize the need for targeted fuel management in coniferous forests and shrublands to mitigate the ecological and socioeconomic impacts of intensifying wildfire regimes. However, strategies aimed at removing fuel load may not be effective under extreme fire weather conditions in the context of EWEs[ES] Antecedentes. Los eventos de incendios extremos (EWEs) están incrementando su frecuencia en numerosos biomas del planeta. Aunque los factores determinantes de la severidad del fuego están generalmente bien investigados, el conocimiento actual en el contexto de los EWEs es bastante limitado. En este estudio, nos enfocamos en dos eventos de fuego piro-convectivos, clasificados como extremos basados en las definiciones actuales, y que ocurrieron en el noroeste de España durante 2022. El índice de diferencia de relación de quemado normalizada-índice de vegetación mejorado (dNBR-EVI) calculado a partir de una imagen multiespectral Sentinel-2, fue utilizado como una aproximación de la severidad del fuego. Entre otros conjuntos de datos, determinamos la influencia de diversas métricas ecológicamente relevantes derivadas de datos LIDAR, relacionadas con la densidad del combustible y la densidad del área foliar por estratos, así como de datos meteorológicos de alta resolución (déficit de vapor de difusión, VPD) como una aproximación para determinar el contenido de humedad del combustible fino muerto, para investigar la importancia relativa del tipo y estructura del combustible, del tiempopeligro meteorológico, y la topografía, en la determinación de la severidad del fuego en EWEs mediante un modelo Random Forest (RF). Resultados. El modelo RF explicó la variabilidad espacial de la severidad del fuego con una alta precisión (R2 = 0.81). Entre los predictores, las métricas basadas en LIDAR indicativas de la densidad del combustible de superficie, en escalera y del dosel, como así también del VPD, fueron identificados como los factores más influyentes de la severidad del fuego en los dos EWEs analizados. Los bosques de coníferas fueron los que exhibieron la mayor severidad del fuego, asociados con cargas de combustibles estructuralmente homogéneas a través de múltiples estratos que puede promover la propagación del fuego a nivel de superficie y opas. En contraste, los bosques dominados por frondosas, y en paisajes tipo mosaico con áreas agrícolas, mostraron una severidad mucho más baja, enfatizando su potencial como moderadores del comportamiento del fuego. Bajo condiciones extremadamente secas (altos niveles de VPD), la severidad del fuego mostró muy poca sensibilidad a las variaciones en los parámetros del combustible, indicando que el peligro meteorológico, en estas circunstancias, puede superar los controles de abajo hacia arriba (bottom-up). Contrariamente, con bajos a moderados valores de VPD, la alta severidad fue observada cuando una peligrosa acumulación y disposición espacial del combustible estuvo presente. Los factores topográficos, aunque contribuyeron ligeramente a explicar la severidad, probaron ser menos importantes en los dos EWEs. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados enfatizan la necesidad del manejo de los combustibles en bosques de coníferas y matorrales para mitigar los impactos ecológicos y económicos de la intensificación de los regímenes de incendios. Sin embargo, las estrategias enfocadas a reducir la carga del combustible pueden ser inefectivas bajo condiciones de peligro meteorológico extremas en el contexto de EWEsSIThis study was financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation in the framework of LANDSUSFIRE project (PID2022‑139156OB‑ C21) within the National Program for the Promotion of Scientific‑Technical Research (2021–2023), and with Next‑Generation Funds of the European Union (EU) in the framework of the FIREMAP project (TED2021‑130925B‑I00); and by the Regional Government of Castile and León in the framework of the IA‑FIREXTCyL project (LE081P23

Evaluation of substrates and additives to Trichoderma harzianum development by qPCR

[EN] Biocontrol strains can activate defense genes and promote plant growth. The aim of this study is to evaluate the development of Trichoderma in substrates with additives by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The T. harzianum, T019 isolated from the Protected Geographical Indication Alubia La Bañeza-León was tested in peat and vermiculite with and without additives. The development was evaluated by qPCR with the α-actin gene and a standard curve. Statistical analysis was performed using an analysis of variance and mean completely randomized. The qPCR technique has served to quantify precisely the growth of Trichoderma in the different substrates. T. harzianum develops better in the peat substrates supplemented with cornmeal and with a mixture of cornmeal and bentonite than in any of the vermiculate-based substrates. T. harzianum development was improved by growing in peat substrates supplemented with cornmeal. © 2020 The Authors. Agronomy Journal © 2020 American Society of AgronomySIThis work was supported by the Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de Educación for the project “Application of Trichoderma strains in sustainable quality bean production (LE251P18)

Effective Intervention Features of a Doping Prevention Program for Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

[EN] This study systematically reviewed the effectiveness of cognitive, affective, and combined approaches in doping prevention, considering the impact of athletes’ active versus passive participation. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PICOS framework, a literature search identified ten studies involving 3581 athletes (1094 women, 2487 men). Ten studies were included as a sample in the meta-analysis and meta-regression, which were used in the effect size calculation. This meta-analysis shows that anti-doping education programs effectively improve short-term doping intentions (ES = 0.29, p < 0.001) and anti-doping behaviors (ES = −0.27, p < 0.001), although there is a decline in the long-term effects (ES = −0.13, p = 0.009). Moral behaviors were unaffected (ES = 0.01, p < 0.001), suggesting that changing deeper values requires alternative approaches like mentorship. Passive participation negatively impacted doping intentions (ES = −0.40, p = 0.004) and behaviors (ES = −0.40, p = 0.022), highlighting the need for active engagement. Pre-experimental designs showed a negative effect on behaviors (ES = −0.74, p = 0.023), emphasizing the importance of rigorous methodologies. While anti-doping education programs effectively influence short-term attitudes and intentions, sustaining behavioral change requires continuous reinforcement and active engagement. The decline in the long-term effects suggests that standalone interventions are insufficient to instill lasting anti-doping behaviors in athletes.S

Phenology of Xylotrechus arvicola (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Adults in Spanish Vineyards

[EN]Background and Aims: The longicorn beetle Xylotrechus arvicola (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an important pest in vineyards of the Iberian Peninsula. Previous studies have reported that different varieties of grapevines Vitis vinifera exhibit varying susceptibility to infestation by this species. Methods and Results: Adult X. arvicola captured were monitored using interception traps (CROSSTRAP) in vineyard plots cultivated with five different grapevine varieties (‘Tempranillo’, ‘Prieto Picudo’, ‘Mencia’, ‘Albarin’ and ‘Verdejo’) in the southern region of León province from 2017 to 2020. Tempranillo and Prieto Picudo had the highest number of X. arvicola captures, consistent with being the most susceptible varieties reported to be attacked by X. arvicola larvae. Verdejo had the lowest number of captures. In all varieties, the greatest period of adult emergence and subsequent captures occurred in June. However, in warmer springs, this emergence period started earlier, in May. The number of X. arvicola captured over time was significantly different between sexes, as well as in the interaction between captures and days across all varieties and years studied. Conclusions: Our results provide valuable information for the integrated control and management of this pest. Placing traps in vineyards on the described dates and regularly monitoring them will help determine peak flight periods (i.e., the highest number of insects captured). This will allow for timely application of phytosanitary treatments, targeting the greatest number of insects. Further trials should be conducted in other vineyards with these types of traps and attractants to corroborate the results obtained. Copyright © 2025 Álvaro Rodríguez-González et al. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.SIWe would like to thank the Diputaci´on de Le´on, Servicio de Desarrollo Rural y Medio Ambiente, for the project ‘Control integrado del taladro de la vid Xylotrechus arvicola en la provincial de Le´on’, as well as ‘Gordonzello’ wine cellar, and ‘Pago de Carraovejas’, for the projects ‘Soluci´on global para mejorar la producci´on vitivin´ıcola frente al cambio clim´atico basada en rob´otica, en tecnolog´ıa IT y en estrategias bio- tecnol´ogicas y del manejo del viñedo’ (Acronym: GLOB- ALVITI; Reference: IDI-20160746) and ‘Estudio de nuevos factores relacionados con el suelo, la planta y la microbiota enol´ogica que infuyen en el equilibrio de la acidez de los vinos y en su garant´ıa de calidad y estabilidad en climas c´alidos (Acronym: LOWpHWINE 2020; Reference: IDI- 20210391)’. We also would like to thank the research pro- gram of the Universidad de Le´on (2022) for the grant awarded to Daniela Ram´ırez Lozano, the Ministry of Edu- cation, Culture and Sports (Spain) and for the grant awarded to Laura Zanfaño Gonz´alez (FPU 20/03040) and the Junta de Castilla y Leon for the fnancial aid supporting the pre- doctoral hiring of research personnel, cofnanced by the European Social Fund, as established by ORDEN EDU/875/ 2021, awarded to Andrea Antol´ın Rodr´ıguez

汉语语言变体及其在文学作品中的呈现：以《茶馆》为例

[EN] Linguistic variation is a phenomenon present in almost all languages. In the case of China, with a vast territory and a large population, the dialect situation is complicated. In the present study, we intend to review the linguistic variation in China, as well as its presence in literature. With this objective, we have chosen The Tea House, a representative work of Beijing-featured novels. After a quantitative analysis, we confirmed that the presence of the geographical dialect is notable in the work and constitutes a resource for naturalness and character characterization.[ES] La variación lingüística es un fenómeno presente en casi todos los idiomas. En el caso de China, con un territorio extenso y una población grande, la situación de dialectos es complicada. En el presente trabajo, pretendemos revisar la variación lingüística en China, sobre todo el pekinés, así como su presencia en obras literarias. Con tal objetivo, hemos elegido La casa de té, obra representativa de la literatura pekinesa. Tras un análisis cuantitativo, constatamos que la presencia del dialecto geográfico es notable en la obra y constituye un recurso de naturalidad y caracterización de personajes.[ZH] 语言变体现象几乎存在于所有语言中，具体到中国，由于其广袤的领土面积和巨大的人口数 量，语言变体情况十分复杂。本文试图对中国语言变体现象进行梳理，特别关注北京话，并探究其在文学 作品中的体现。为达成上述目标，本文以京为文学代表作《茶馆》为研究对象，通过统计分析，我们发现 作品中的方言使用较为广泛，是作者营造自然氛围和刻画人物的手段

The microbiota of cork and yellow stain as a model for a new route for the synthesis of chlorophenols and chloroanisoles from the microbial degradation of suberin and/or lignin

[EN] Background: The main application of cork is the production of stoppers for wine bottles. Cork sometimes contains 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, a compound that, at a concentration of ng/L, produces an unpleasant musty odor that destroys the organoleptic properties of wine and results in enormous economic losses for wineries and cork industries. Cork can exhibit a defect known as yellow stain, which is associated with high levels of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole. We describe how the microbiota of cork and yellow stain define a novel mechanism that explains the formation of chlorophenols and chloroanisoles (including 2,4,6-trichloroanisole) from p-hydroxybenzoate produced during lignin and/or suberin breakdown. Results: Electron microscopy revealed that cork affected by yellow stain exhibited significant structural degradation. This deterioration was attributed to the presence of higher microbial populations compared to those found in standard cork. Cork microbiota is rich in filamentous fungi able to metabolize lignin. A metataxonomic analysis confirmed that yellow stain contained significantly greater populations of fungal species belonging to Absidia, Geomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Penicillium, Pseudogymnoascus, Talaromyces, and Umbelopsis. It also contained significantly greater amounts of bacteria belonging to Enterobacterales, Streptosporangiales, Tepidisphaerales, Pseudomonas, and several members of Burkholderiaceae, particularly species of the Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia group. The extraction of aromatic compounds from cork samples allowed the identification of several compounds typically observed following lignin depolymerization. Notably, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and phenol were detected. Two strains of the genus Streptomyces isolated from yellow stain were able to biotransform p-hydroxybenzoate into phenol in resting cell assays. Phenol could be efficiently chlorinated in vitro to produce 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by a fungal chloroperoxidase, an enzymatic activity commonly found in filamentous fungi isolated from cork. Finally, as has been widely demonstrated before, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol can be efficiently O-methylated to 2,4,6-trichloroanisole by many of fungi that inhabit cork. Conclusions: Chlorophenols and chloroanisoles can be produced de novo in cork from p-hydroxybenzoate generated by the microbial biodegradation of lignin and/or suberin through the participation of different types of microorganisms present in cork. The natural origin of these compounds, which are of great interest for the chlorine cycle and represent a new source of environmental contamination that differs from that caused by human activity, is describedSIThis work was supported by the companies Francisco Oller S. A. (Cassá de la Selva, Girona, Spain) and J. Vigas (Palafrugell, Girona, Spain). Both companies participate and are financed through the tractor project for the wine sector GRAPERTE (Transformación innovadora del camino del vino hacia un sector más digitalizado y sostenible). Both companies participate in the primary project “Investigación sobre el corcho y los procesos de producción de los tapones de corcho con el fin de su optimización como herramienta enológica.” The project GRAPERTE has been financed by the Ministerio de Industria y Turismo (Call “Actuaciones de fortalecimiento industrial del sector agroalimentario dentro del Proyecto Estratégico para la Recuperación y Transformación Económica Agroalimentario) within the framework of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan, financed by the European Union – NextGenerationEU.” Marina Ruiz-Muñoz was supported by a postdoctoral contract financed by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN), the State Investigation Agency (AEI) (DOI/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033), and by the European Union “NextGenerationEU”/Recovery Plant, Transformation and Resilience (PRTR). Rebeca Otero-Suárez was supported by a research technician contract financed by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN), the State Investigation Agency (AEI) (DOI/https://doi. org/10.13039/501100011033), and the European Union “NextGenerationEU”/ Recovery Plant, Transformation and Resilience (PRTR). Carla Calvo-Peña was supported by a predoctoral contract from the Junta de Castilla y León and the European Social Fund (EDU/601/2020

The figure of the close friend

[ES] El profundo proceso de transformación en las costumbres y en las nuevas formas de vida ha conllevado una continua modificación de nuestro derecho de familia. La reconfiguración de la institución familiar nos conduce a una revisión de su entorno social, cultural y jurídico. La necesidad del estudio de la figura del allegado y su adecuación a nuestro ordenamiento surgen en este contexto. El allegado puede ser un elemento necesario a tener en cuenta al regular el derecho de relación con el menor, siempre en aras de favorecer su interés y su derecho al libre desarrollo de la personalidad (art. 10.1 CE). A lo largo de este artículo se busca una revisión jurisprudencial de esta figura a fin de delimitar qué se entiende por allegado respecto de otras figuras afines, así como analizar el derecho de relación con el menor y la extensión y duración de este derecho.[EN] The profound process of transformation in customs and new ways of life has led to a continuous modification of our family law. The reconfiguration of the family institution leads us to a revision of its social, cultural and legal environment. The need to study the figure of the close friend and its adaptation to our legal system arises in this context. This related person may be a necessary element to take into account when regulating the right of relationship with the minor, always in the interests of favouring their interests and their right to the free development of their personality (art. 10.1 CE). Throughout this paper, a case law review of this figure is sought in order to delimit what is understood by close friend with respect to other related figures, as well as to analyse the right of relationship with the minor and the extension and duration of this right.S

La coordinación docente universitaria como elemento clave para el desarrollo de procesos de evaluación formativa y compartida

[ES] La sociedad se encuentra en una constante y vertiginosa evolución debido a las nuevas demandas que han surgido desde el inicio del siglo XXI, no solo tecnológicas, sino también sociales y, como consecuencia, en el ámbito de la educación, de la pedagogía y de la didáctica. En este sentido, el formato tradicional de formación del profesorado evidencia, desde hace décadas, evidentes signos de agotamiento ante los retos planeados en el siglo XXI (Darling-Hammond, 2017). Por ello, la formación inicial del profesorado (en adelante, FIP) se antoja clave en este proceso, ya que los futuros docentes deben estar equipados no solo con conocimientos teóricos, sino también con competencias que les proporcionen la imprescindible reflexión que les permita adaptarse a las nuevas realidades del aula (Vaillant y Marcelo, 2021)

Customer protection of payment services in the context of PS2D

[ES] La creación de un mercado de servicios de pago eficiente ha sido considerada un requisito fundamental en la construcción del mercado único de la Unión Europea. El legislador europeo consciente de su importancia puso las primeras bases con la aprobación la Primera Directiva de Servicios de Pago. No obstante, el acelerado dinamismo tecnológico del sector unido a la necesidad de proporcionar un entorno más fiable han puesto de manifiesto los riesgos de obsolescencia normativa. En este contexto, los objetivos de la PS2D buscan proporcionar una respuesta más eficiente y segura a los retos que presenta el actual desarrollo del mercado de servicios de pago. A lo largo de este trabajo se examinará esa evolución institucional, a partir de la cual se analizarán las recientes resoluciones jurisprudenciales con respecto a la tutela del cliente.[EN] The creation of an efficient payment services market has been considered a fundamental requirement in the construction of the European Union’s single market. The European legislator, aware of its importance, set the first steps in this direction with the adoption of the First Payment Services Directive. However, the accelerating technological dynamism of the sector coupled with the need to provide a more reliable environment have highlighted the risks of regulatory obsolescence. In this context, the objectives of the PS2D seek to provide a more efficient and safer response to the challenges posed by the current development of the payment services market. This paper will examine these institutional developments, on the basis of which recent case law rulings on customer protection will be analysed.S

Experiences and perceptions of primary dysmenorrhea mediating management behaviors: A systematic review of qualitative evidence and meta-aggregation

[EN] Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the main gynecological disorders in young women and is defined as painful cramps related to menstruation. The Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation can provide a compre- hensive perspective on the experience of illness, helping to better understand the situation of these women. Objective: To analyze the experiences and perceptions of primary dysmenorrhea that mediate management behaviors. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, and SportDiscus. The Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation allowed the identified experiences and perceptions to be categorized into five main areas: identity, cause, consequence, duration, and control. Results: The results of the 12 studies analized indicated that the management behaviors of primary dysmenorrhea are primarily self-care strategies and are mediated by social and cultural learning, such as the belief that men- strual pain is normal and inevitable. Due to these beliefs, medical help is not sought. Additionally, menstruation and pain remain taboo in our society and must be concealed. Conclusions: It would be beneficial to implement educational programs that provide comprehensive information on menstrual physiology, its potential effects and challenges, and strategies for managing dysmenorrhea. Additionally, given the impact of social factors on health-related behaviors, fostering supportive social and professional environments where women can openly discuss their condition appears to be a relevant approach. Therefore, these findings should be considered when designing comprehensive healthcare protocols that include specific educational programs to foster understanding and awareness of primary dysmenorrhea.S