Salmonella Control in Swine: A Thoughtful Discussion of the Pre- and Post-Harvest Control Approaches in Industrialized Countries

[EN] Pork is among the major sources of human salmonellosis in developed countries. Since the 1990s, different surveys and cross-sectional studies, both national and international (i.e., the baseline studies performed in the European Union), have revealed and confirmed the widespread non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes in pigs. A number of countries have implemented control programs with different approaches and degrees of success. The efforts could be implemented either at farms, in post-harvest stages, or both. The current review revises the current state of the art in Salmonella in swine, the control programs ongoing or conducted in the past, and their strengths and failures, with particular attention to the weight of pre- and post-harvest control and the implications that both have for the success of interventions or mitigation after outbreaks. This review provides a novel perspective on Salmonella control in swine, a matter that still includes uncertainties and room for improvement as a question of public health and One HealthSIThis research received no external fundin

The Impact of Firmographics on Philanthropic Engagement in the Global Wine Industry

[EN] The pursuit of community engagement and support is commonly considered to be essential to the achievement of corporate social responsibility goals, irrespective of a firm's age, size, legal formation, or industry sector. Less well understood are the firmographic characteristics that may influence these philanthropic pursuits, namely, firm formation, firm closure, firm growth or decline, and firm relocation. This investigation into philanthropic engagement seeks to understand the impact of firmographics across the global wine industry. Data were collected via survey from 302 firms in the Old and New World wine sectors: Spain, France, Germany, New Zealand, and the United States. Ordinal logistic and multiple linear regressions were applied. Findings reveal that the cultural heritage of a wine business, and, to a lesser extent, its form of ownership, appear to be the two major determinants of philanthropic engagement

Actitudes hacia el aprendizaje y su vínculo con diferentes estrategias de aprendizaje en estudiantes de primer ciclo universitario de Ciencias de la Salud

[ES] Actitudes hacia el aprendizaje y su vínculo con diferentes estrategias de aprendizaje en estudiantes de primer ciclo universitario de Ciencias de la Salu

A comprehensive regional approach to eco-efficiency in Spanish agriculture over time

[EN] Eco-efficiency, which integrates environmental and economic variables, is crucial for decision-making in agriculture, particularly within the framework of European environmental policy. The SBM-DEA tool has been applied in several studies, and facilitates the optimization of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the agricultural sector. Despite the significance of the Spanish agricultural economy at both European and international levels, the analysis of its eco-efficiency is limited and fragmented, and does not consider the regional disparities within the country. The objective of this study is therefore to assess the eco-efficiency of the Spanish regional agricultural sector during the period from 2004 to 2022, considering its regional and productive differences. This has been achieved using data from the Farm Accounting Network and the non-oriented SBM-DEA method with constant returns to scale. The eco-efficiency of the Spanish regional agricultural sector as a whole was estimated to range from 0.644 to 0.837, with an average value of 0.772 for the period analyzed. Forty-seven percent of the regions exceeded the average eco-efficiency. The data indicate significant opportunities to improve eco-efficiency and reduce GHG emissions at both the national (65.6%) and regional (ranging from 7.4 to 86.5%) levels. This paper discusses the need to develop regionalized strategies to optimize resource allocation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the Common Agricultural Policy.S

Artificial insemination of all ejaculated sperm fractions accelerates embryo development and increases the uterine vascularity in the pig

[EN] The semen of boar is characterized by ejaculation in well-differentiated fractions with specific concentration, composition, and volume. The ‘sperm-rich fraction' (SRF), the most concentrated seminal fraction, is habitually collected in insemination centers to make artificial insemination (AI) doses. The absence of the other fractions in AI doses could alter the uterine reaction to AI and not trigger essential responses that could maximize fertility. Thus, there is an urge to ascertain the impact of different ejaculate fractions on the uterus after AI to optimize the semen doses. This work analyzed specific parameters related to fertility in pregnant artificially inseminated sows (n = 15) with ac-cumulative fractions of the semen of boars (n = 6): F1, composed of the sperm-rich fraction (SRF); F2, composed of F1 plus the intermediate fraction; F3, composed of F2 plus the post-SRF. Non-inseminated sows (n = 5) were included as control (C). The different types of seminal dose did not affect the number of ovulated follicles (CL; corpora lutea, p > 0.05) but did affect the embryo development (p 0.05). Independently of the type of seminal dose (F1, F2, or F3), we observed by immunohistochemistry that AI significantly increased uterine vascularization, although with some anatomical differences. The cranial region of the uterine horns was significantly more vascularized in AI-F1 or AI-F2 sows (26.7 ± 2.3 and 28.6 ± 2.0%, respectively), and AI-F3 showed significantly less vascularization at that point (17.8 ± 1.6%, p < 0.05). To summarize, the synergistic effect of all ejaculate fractions accelerates embryo development, at least during the preimplantation period, and increases the uterine reaction to AI in certain parts of the uterusSIThis research was supported by the Séneca Foundation (21656/21), Ministry of Science 381 and Innovation (PID2019-106380RBI00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and European Union 382 “Next Generation” EU/PRTR (PDC2022-133589-I00

Recurrent Outbreaks of Myelodysplasia in Newborn Calves

[EN] The present study records recurrent outbreaks of myelodysplasia of unknown origin occurring in a specific geographical location in the north of Spain, and involving up to 30% of the calves born in affected herds. The affected calves were of different breeds and displayed non-progressive signs of spinal cord dysfunction. The disease has occurred annually in February-March over a period of at least 15 years. Only calves born to cattle grazed on mountainside pastures and under high grazing pressure were affected. Seven calves were subjected to necropsy examination. Myelodysplasia was not associated with vertebral defects or arthrogryposis and involved the entire length of the spinal cord. Microscopically, there was abnormal distribution of the grey matter, aberrations of the central canal and failure of formation of the ventral median fissure. Infectious, nutritional and physical disorders were ruled out as possible aetiologies. A critical period of embryonic susceptibility to the causal agent was identified. This was during the time of secondary neurulation when cows in the early stages of gestation were grazed on mountainside pastures. Consequently, the presence of neuroteratogenic plants in these pastures is proposed as a likely cause. Two plants, Carex brevicollis and Erythronium dens-canis, which contain alkaloids, were identified on the mountainsides where affected cattle were grazed and not in other pastures, and are proposed as the possible aetiology of the diseaseSIL. Polledo holds a grant from the Ministry of Education (AP2007-02007). The authors gratefully acknowledge the farmers for providing cases and for their collaboration. We wish to thank M. Alvarez for his collaboration in the BVDV study and M. Fern andez for his expert help with neuroembryology. Our thanks also go to G. Belver for technical assistanc

Detailed biogeographical mapping as a useful novel tool for the conservation of endemic taxa: a case of study for Iberian orchids

[version 2; peer review: 2 approved][EN] BACKGROUND. Many Iberian orchids occur in plant communities designated as habitats of interest in the European Union, particularly in Mediterranean grasslands and forests. Their ecological importance highlights the need for a deeper understanding of their distribution and ecological requirements in order to develop effective conservation and management policies. METHODS. This study focuses on the biogeographical mapping and characterisation of five Iberian and Balearic endemic orchid species at district level. Distribution data were collected from existing biodiversity databases and integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS). In order to assign the correct biogeographical epithet to each taxon, a set of rules and criteria was developed to ensure an objective, simple and universal classification based on the species' distribution areas. RESULTS. For each orchid species, the study identified its phytosociological assignment, bioclimatic range and current conservation status. Detailed maps were produced, providing insights into the biogeographical, bioclimatic and phytosociological attributes of these taxa. CONCLUSIONS. The biogeographical mapping and ecological classification presented in this study provide a basis for effective decision-making regarding the conservation and management of these orchid species. In addition, the results can be used to update their conservation status to better reflect their ecological needs and threatsSIThis project has received funding from the European Commission [ERASMUS+ programme] under grant agreement No [20211FR01KA220VET000043186](DEMAIN: Vers la transition agro-ecologique en viticulture (TOMORROW: Towards the agro-ecological transition in viticulture)); the European Commission [Zimbral for LIFE] under grant agreement No [101074592] (LIFE21-NAT-PT-Zimbral-for-LIFE); the European Union [NextGenerationEU/PRTR], MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 under grant agreement No [TED2021-1311388B-I00]. Funding was also received from the Regional Ministry of Education, Junta of Castilla and León (Spain), EDU/667/2019 and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Junta of Castilla and León (JCyL). The grant was awarded to AGP author and included a Fellowship Scheme for a Doctoral Training Program: Order of 12 December 2019 from the Regional Ministry of Education (extract published in B.O.C. y L. No. 245, 23 December)). BDNS (Ident.): 487971 and Postdoc scholarship for AGP (UNAM-DGAPA Postdoctoral Program

Teaching-Learning french grammar through social media: Instagram as an innovative tool in secondary school classrooms

[ES] Escogiendo el primer curso de la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria como grupo de referencia, concretamente en la asignatura francés como lengua extranjera, vemos conveniente la introducción de estos instrumentos como parte complementaria al trabajo realizado en el aula. El objetivo es que los alumnos aprendan la gramática básica a través de textos cortos, ya que los caracteres que la aplicación Instagram nos ofrece son limitados.[EN] By choosing the first year of compulsory secondary education as a reference group, specifically in the French subject as a foreign language, we see fit the introduction of these instruments as a complementary part to the work done in the classroom. The aim is for students to learn basic grammar through short texts, since the characters that the Instagram app offers us are limited

Spanish migration to Mexico (1898-1936). The case of the province of León

636 p.[ES] La presente tesis doctoral analiza la emigración leonesa hacia México durante el periodo comprendido entre 1898 y 1936, destacando su impacto económico, social y cultural, tanto en el lugar de origen como en el de destino. Este fenómeno, aunque cuantitativamente menor en comparación con otras provincias españolas, resulta profundamente significativo por las dinámicas transnacionales que generó y su capacidad para conectar dos realidades geográficas y culturales diferentes. El estudio parte de un análisis detallado de las causas de la emigración, contextualizándolas dentro de las crisis estructurales que afectaron a España en general y a León en particular. Así, desde un enfoque multidimensional, la investigación aborda las políticas migratorias españolas y mexicanas, mostrando cómo la legislación, aunque restrictiva en ciertas ocasiones, no impidió los flujos migratorios derivados de las redes familiares y comunitarias. Unas redes que facilitaron la migración en cadena, el asentamiento y la integración de los emigrantes, quienes encontraron en el comercio, la hostelería o la industria oportunidades para prosperar, como fue el caso de Pablo Díez Fernández, fundador del Grupo Modelo. Del mismo modo, se resalta cómo los emigrantes leoneses lograron preservar su identidad cultural a través de asociaciones, festividades y prácticas comunitarias, fortaleciendo los vínculos entre México y León. Además, el legado de estos emigrantes tuvo un impacto transformador en sus comunidades de origen, mejorando infraestructuras locales, financiando proyectos educativos y fomentando el desarrollo regional. Por este motivo, se evidencia cómo la emigración leonesa no solo actuó como un puente cultural entre ambas regiones, sino también como un motor de desarrollo y cambio en los contextos de destino y origen.[EN] This doctoral dissertation analyzes emigration from León to Mexico during the time between 1898 and 1936, highlighting its economic, social and cultural impact as much in the place of origin as in that of destination. This phenomenon, although relatively minor in quantity when compared with other Spanish provinces, becomes deeply meaningful when we consider the translational dynamics it created and its capacity to connect two different geographical and cultural realities. This study starts with a detailed analysis of migration causes, contextualizing them within the structural crises that affected Spain in general and León in particular. Thus, from a multidimensional framework, this research deals with Spanish and Mexican migration policies, showing how legislation, although restrictive sometimes, did not prevent migratory flows derived from family and community networks. These networks facilitated the chain migration, the settlement and integration of migrants who found opportunities to prosper in business, hospitality and other industries, as in the case of Pablo Díez Fernández, founder of the trademark Grupo Modelo. At the same time, this research underlies how Leonese migrants maintained their cultural identity through associations, festivities and community practices, strengthening their links between Mexico and León. Besides, these emigrants’ legacy had a transformational impact in their communities of origin, with the improvement of local infrastructures, the financing of educational projects, and the promotion of regional development. All this proves that Leonese emigration did not only work as a cultural bridge between both regions but also as an engine of development and change in the contexts of destination and origin

UF0565 - Eficiencia energética en las instalaciones de calefacción y ACS en los edificios

[ES] En la actualidad, el análisis de la eficiencia energética en instalaciones de calefacción y agua caliente sanitaria en edificios representa un campo de amplia aplicación, por lo que aquellos especialistas que deseen desarrollar su vida profesional en este ámbito laboral deberán dominar todos los elementos disponibles en dicha materia. A través de este manual aprenderemos a calcular la eficiencia energética de los generadores de calor, circuladores y redes de tuberías de distribución, mediante el análisis de la constitución y el funcionamiento de las mismas conforme a la normativa vigente; por otra parte, analizaremos el funcionamiento de los sistemas de control, telegestión, aparatos de medida, y veremos cómo comprobar que contribuyen a la eficiencia energética de la instalación de calefacción y ACS. Los contenidos del libro desarrollan fielmente la UF 0565 Eficiencia energética en instalaciones de calefacción y ACS en los edificios, incardinada en el MF 1194_3 Evaluación de la eficiencia energética de las instalaciones en edificios, perteneciente al certificado de profesionalidad ENAC0108 Eficiencia energética de edificios, regulado por el RD 643/2011, de 9 de mayo