Phytophthora alni Infection Reinforces the Defense Reactions in Alnus glutinosa - Frankia Roots to the Detriment of Nodules

International audienceAlnus glutinosa, able to establish symbiosis with mutualistic bacteria of the genus Frankia, is one of the main species in European riparian environments, where it performs numerous biological and socio-economic functions. However, riparian ecosystems face a growing threat from Phytophthora alni, a highly aggressive waterborne pathogen causing severe dieback in A. glutinosa. To date, the tripartite interaction between the host plant, the symbiont Frankia and the pathogen remains unexplored but is critical for understanding how pathogen-induced stress influences the nodule molecular machinery and so on the host-symbiont metabolism. In the present study, we aimed to explore for the first time how P. alni affects the overall molecular processes of Alnus glutinosa – Frankia nodules, with a special focus on unraveling the spatial expression of defense mechanisms within these tissues. We conducted a laboratory experiment based on P. alni infection of young A. glutinosa seedlings nodulated with Frankia alni ACN14a, non-infected or infected with the pathogen P. alni. Multi-omics analyses were carried out on nodules (N) and associated roots (AR) of the same plant in order to underline the impact on the nodule molecular processes (i.e. N/AR markers) when the host plant is infected compared to non-infected plants. Our results revealed that P. alni infection modified the molecular nodule processes and induced reprograming of defense-related markers by a shift in associated roots to the detriment of nodules. These findings suggest that A. glutinosa reinforces locally its immune responses in roots but moderates this activation in nodule to preserve its Frankia symbiont

Portraits et représentations sur les inégalités sociales et scolaires des futurs enseignants du 1er degré à Mayotte et La Réunion

International audienc

"'The Home for Blank Children”': Illegitimate Children, Victorian Charitable Care and the London Foundling Hospital"

International audienceThe London Foundling Hospital was born out of the golden age of British philanthropy. Established in 1741 by Thomas Coram (1668-1751), its main mission was to offer permanent shelter to “exposed and deserted young children”, mainly orphans but also those born out-of-wedlock or those whose parents were too destitute to provide for them (Royal Charter 3). Over the 214 years in which it boarded infants, the institution gathered a considerable body of archives which provide a record of the children’s origins and allow us to gain a direct insight into how the Foundling Hospital cared for generations of destitute children. The Foundling Hospital, from the time of its creation and for its first 150 years, was the only charity in the country to care for illegitimate children. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, the charitable help provided was restricted to illegitimate children, with the exception of children of soldiers or sailors killed in action. After years of struggling to find the right funding and admission policy, the governors of the Foundling Hospital implemented a procedure where the children were selected on the basis of an interview with the mother and an assessment of her moral qualities. This drastic change in the admission policy signaled a major shift in the charitable intent of the organisation. Charitable help which was in the early years of the institution offered to all children – provided they were healthy, under one year of age and that the Hospital still had space available – would from then on be limited to a chosen few. The fate of the unwed mothers became a central concern for the governors of the institution.This presentation will examine the specificity of the system of care for illegitimate children that was provided by the private charity of the London Foundling Hospital. It will question the link between charitable help and the notions of respectability and deservingness, elements which became the cornerstone of the Foundling Hospital admission procedure in the nineteenth century. The presentation will also deal with aspects linked to the children’s welfare and wellbeing in the context of this institutionalized type of out of home care, these children Dickens famously described as “blank children”

Récits d’esclaves et médiations aux Amériques espagnoles. Quelques jalons chronologiques

International audienceThis article puts slave narratives from the 16th to the early 19th century into perspective. Drawing on extensive research carried out in ecclesiastical and civil archives in several countries, it distinguishes between the fragments of life stories collected by the acts of cofradías in the event of a dispute between their members, and those that illustrate the pleadings of lawyers defending slaves in different contexts. From the 16th century onwards, the quite spontaneous speech heard in the cofradías was replaced by a rhetoric adapted to the circumstances and the goal of the mediator, and shaped by the emergence of new legal concepts (jus soli, civil rights).Este artículo pone en perspectiva las narraciones de esclavos desde el siglo xvi hasta principios del xix. Basándose en una amplia investigación llevada a cabo en diversos archivos, tanto eclesiásticos como civiles, de varios países, establece una distinción entre los fragmentos de relatos de vida recogidos por las actas de las cofradías en caso de litigio entre sus miembros, y los que ilustran los alegatos de los abogados que defienden a los esclavos en diferentes contextos. A partir del siglo xvi, el discurso relativamente espontáneo de las cofradías fue sustituido por una retórica adaptada a las circunstancias y al objetivo del mediador, y moldeada por la aparición de nuevos conceptos jurídicos (jus soli, derechos civiles).Cet article propose une mise en perspective des récits d’esclaves depuis le xvie jusqu’au début du xixe siècle. S’appuyant sur d’amples recherches menées dans différentes archives, aussi bien ecclésiastiques que civiles, de plusieurs pays, il invite à distinguer les fragments de récits de vie recueillis par les actes des confréries à l’occasion d’un différend opposant leurs membres, de ceux qui illustrent les plaidoiries des avocats assumant la défense des esclaves dans différents contextes. À la parole qui dans les confréries s’exprime sans entrave se substitue, dès le xvie siècle, une rhétorique adaptée aux circonstances et au but recherché par celui qui s’en fait le médiateur et, pour cela, modelée par l’émergence de nouveaux concepts juridiques (jus soli, droits civils)

No Emergence of Colistin Resistance in the Respiratory Tract of Lung Transplant Patients Treated With Inhaled Colistin

International audienceSecondary prophylaxis using inhaled colistin (IC) was implemented to prevent recurrences of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) pneumonia during the postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) stay after lung transplantation (LT). We evaluated the risk of emergence of colistin resistance in the respiratory tract during secondary IC prophylaxis. We conducted a prospective, single-centre, observational study of all adult patients who underwent LT between 1 July 2018 and 30 June 2019. IC was started and continued for at least 90 days for P. aeruginosa or ESBL-PE pneumonia. During the 90 days following LT, all respiratory samples were routinely tested for the presence of GNB of reduced susceptibility to colistin. Twenty-seven (38.6%) of the 70 included patients received IC. Among the 867 respiratory samples tested, IC did not promote the emergence of bacterial species with natural or acquired resistance to colistin (incidence-rate ratio of 0.21 [0.03–1.58], p = 0.13 and 1.68 [0.55–5.12], p = 0.37, respectively). Our study suggests no association between the use of IC and an increased risk of colistin resistance in the respiratory tract within 90 days of LT

Prédiabète à La Réunion : impact de la connaissance du diagnostic sur les habitudes de vie des patients en soins premiers

Background: Prediabetes is a major public health concern that has not yet been studied much in Reunion Island. As a result, the PREDIABRUN study aims to collect and analyze sociodemographic, clinicobiological, dietary habits, and physical activity data from prediabetic patients over a period of 2 to 5 years in order to assess their progress and analyze the determining factors in the transition to diabetes.Method: A total of 469 prediabetic patients were included from July 2019 to December 2022 via recruitment in general practice across Reunion Island. Prediabetes was already known or was discovered at the time of inclusion, classifying patients into two groups. In this thesis, the analysis focused only on the data collected at the inclusion of the PREDIABRUN study and on the evaluation of the differences between the two groups.Results: The group of already known prediabetics was older (p = 0.001), had a lower level of education (p = 0.018) and was professionally less active (p = 0.037). There was no significant change in the practice of physical activity and in eating habits except for the consumption of vegetable oils (p = 0.039).Conclusion: Knowledge of the diagnosis of prediabetes does not influence the lifestyle habits of patients in primary care. Prediabetes is a metabolic pathology that results from our current lifestyle both in terms of diet and sedentary lifestyle. Despite the existing individual prevention methods that show their limits, the emphasis must be placed on collective prevention measures in order to help raise awareness. On the other hand, the message conveyed by the general practitioner to the prediabetic patient must be clear about the evolution of prediabetes. Its management must be just as important as that of diabetes.Introduction : Le prédiabète est une préoccupation majeure de santé publique encore peu étudiée à La Réunion. De ce fait l’étude PREDIABRUN a pour but de recueillir et d’analyser les données socio-démographiques, clinico-biologiques, les habitudes alimentaires et l’activité physique de patients prédiabétiques sur une période de 2 à 5 ans afin d’en évaluer l’évolution et d’analyser les facteurs déterminants du passage au stade de diabète.Méthode : Au total 469 patients prédiabétiques ont été inclus de Juillet 2019 à Décembre 2022 via un recrutement en cabinet de médecine générale à travers La Réunion. Le prédiabète était déjà connu ou a été découvert au moment de l’inclusion, classant les patients en deux groupes. Dans cette thèse, l’analyse s’est portée uniquement sur les données recueillies à l’inclusion de l’étude PREDIABRUN et sur l’évaluation des différences entre les deux groupes. Résultats : Le groupe des prédiabétiques déjà connus était plus âgé (p=0,001), avait un niveau d’étude inférieur (p=0,018) et était professionnellement moins actif (p=0,037). Il n’y avait pas de changement significatif dans la pratique d’activité physique et dans les habitudes alimentaires sauf pour la consommation d’huiles végétales (p=0,039). Conclusion : La connaissance du diagnostic de prédiabète n’influence pas les habitudes de vie des patients en soins premiers. Le prédiabète est une pathologie métabolique qui découle de notre mode de vie actuel tant en ce qui concerne l’alimentation que la sédentarité. Les mesures individuelles existantes montrant leurs limites, l’accent doit être mis sur les mesures de prévention collectives afin de renforcer la prise de conscience de la population. D’autre part le message véhiculé par le médecin généraliste au patient prédiabétique se doit d’être clair quant à l’évolution du prédiabète car sa prise en charge est toute aussi importante que celle du diabète

Development of the Incompatible Insect Technique targeting Aedes albopictus : introgression of a wild nuclear background restores the performance of males artificially infected with Wolbachia

International audienceABSTRACT The bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is increasingly studied for its potential use in controlling insect vectors or pests due to its ability to induce Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI). CI can be exploited by establishing an opportunistic Wolbachia infection in a targeted insect species through trans-infection and then releasing the infected males into the environment as sterilizing agents. Several host life history traits (LHT) have been reported to be negatively affected by artificial Wolbachia infection. Wolbachia is often considered the causative agent of these detrimental effects, and the importance of the host’s genetic origins in the outcome of trans-infection is generally overlooked. In this study, we investigated the impact of host genetic background using an Aedes albopictus line recently trans-infected with w Pip from the Culex pipiens mosquito, which exhibited some fitness costs. We measured several LHTs including fecundity, egg hatch rate, and male mating competitiveness in the incompatible line after four rounds of introgression aiming at restoring genetic diversity in the nuclear genome. Our results show that introgression with a wild genetic background restored most fitness traits and conferred mating competitiveness comparable to that of wild males. Finally, we show that introgression leads to faster and stronger population suppression under laboratory conditions. Overall, our data support that the host genome plays a decisive role in determining the fitness of Wolbachia -infected incompatible males. IMPORTANCE The bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is increasingly used to control insect vectors and pests through the Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT) inducing a form of conditional sterility when a Wolbachia -infected male mates with an uninfected or differently infected female. Wolbachia artificial trans-infection has been repeatedly reported to affect mosquitoes LHTs, which may in turn compromise the efficiency of IIT. Using a tiger mosquito ( Aedes albopictus ) line recently trans-infected with a Wolbachia strain from Culex pipiens and displaying reduced fitness, we show that restoring genetic diversity through introgression significantly mitigated the fitness costs associated with Wolbachia trans-infection. This was further demonstrated through experimental population suppression, showing that introgression is required to achieve mosquito population suppression under laboratory conditions. These findings are significant for the implementation of IIT programs, as an increase in female fecundity and male performance improves mass rearing productivity as well as the sterilizing capacity of released males

EFFETS BENEFIQUES D’UN PROGRAMME DE PLEINE CONSCIENCE SUR L’AUTO-EFFICACITE, LA GESTION DES EMOTIONS ET LA PERFORMANCE AU TENNIS

International audienceThis study aimed to test the effects of a mindfulness programme on self-efficacy and performance in the short game of ball-throwing, as well as anxiety and the ability to manage emotions in an official match. Sixteen male players (M = 22.4 years) of regional level, ranked between 30/1 and 15/3 (FFT), volunteered to participate in this study. They were randomly divided into 2 groups: Control and Mindfulness, they carried out 3 experimental phases: Pre-test (30 forehands and backhands with a ball launcher + tournament match), acquisition (6-week programme of mindfulness training or listening to music), and post-test (identical to the pre-test). Pre-competitive anxiety and self- efficacy scores, ball-throwing performance, and the number of positive and negative gestures and speeches during matches were recorded during the pre-and post-tests. The results of this study show that mindfulness training increases the feeling of self- efficacy and the performance of the ball thrower and reduces the number of negative gestures and speeches made by players in competition. Although the results of this experiment need to be confirmed, they show the value of developing tennis players' mindfulness skills.Cette étude avait pour objectif de tester les effets d’un programme de pleine conscience sur le sentiment d’auto-efficacité et la performance de jeu de fond court au lance-balle, ainsi que l’anxiété et la capacité à gérer les émotions en match officiel. Seize joueurs masculins (M = 22.4 ans) de niveau régional, classés entre 30/1 et 15/3 (FFT), étaient volontaires pour participer à cette étude. Répartis aléatoirement en 2 groupes : Contrôle et Pleine conscience, ils ont réalisé 3 phases expérimentales : Pré-test (30 coups droits et revers au lance-balle + match en tournoi), acquisition (programme de 6 semaines d’entrainement à la pleine concience ou écoute musicale) et post-test (identique au pré-test). Les scores d’anxiété pré-compétitive et d’auto-efficacité, les performances au lance balle ainsi que le nombre de gestes et de discours positifs et négatifs en match étaient relevés lors des pré- et post-tests. Les résultats de cette étude montrent qu’un entrainement à la pleine conscience augmente le sentiment d’auto-efficacité ainsi que la performance au lance-balle et diminue les gestes et discours négatifs des joueurs en compétition. Bien que les résultats de cette expérience nécessitent d’être confirmés, ils montrent l’intérêt de développer les capacités de pleine conscience des joueurs de tennis

Violences ordinaires de/dans l'insertion professionnelle des jeunes en situation de handicap à Mayotte

International audienceThis study provides a conceptual analysis of the systemic barriers to the professional integrationof young people with disabilities in Mayotte, focusing on their (im)possible agency. A cultural perspective is employed to elucidate the complex dimensions and dynamics underlying the exclusion from professional life. Results reveals that these individuals are perceived in vernacular languages as invisible and hidden, as Djinns, which exacerbates their marginalization. They face convoluted administrative challenges, leading to over-disability. The prevalence of informal work and the importance of family social identities undermine the formation of a professional identity. The conclusion focuses universality versus specificity of exclusion processes in Mayotte, in relation with the French social system. Futures researches on French educational and professional framework could analyze Mayotte’s inclusivity whereas inclusivity in Mayotte.Cette recherche offre une analyse conceptuelle des contraintes systémiques de la difficile insertion professionnelle des jeunes en situation de handicap à Mayotte et leur (im)possible agentivité. La perspective culturelle permet de décrire les dimensions et les dynamiques complexes qui façonnent la violence de la non insertion professionnelle. Les résultats montrent que ces jeunes sont représentés dans les langues vernaculaires comme des êtres invisibilisés et cachés, tels les Djinns qui les (co)habitent pour une majeure partie. Ces jeunes font face à des situations administratives inextricables, encourageant le sur-handicap. Enfin, l’ordinaire du travail informel et des identités sociales familiales entrent en concurrence avec l’identité professionnelle. La conclusion porte sur l’universalité versus la spécificité des processus d’exclusion à Mayotte, en lien avec le système social hexagonal, et le déplacement de l’analyse de l’inclusivité à Mayotte vers l’inclusivité de Mayotte dans le système éducatif et professionnel françai

A one health approach for integrated vector management monitoring and evaluation

International audienceThe French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses) has set up a multidisciplinary working group (WG) to develop an innovative One Health approach for the monitoring and evaluation of an integrated vector management system (IVMS) on a territorial scale. Four existing evaluation guidelines and methods have been combined into a semi-quantitative evaluation approach that takes into account all the dimensions of an integrated process. We propose a set of 34 criteria divided into three sections (obj19ectives and management, implementation, integration) that correspond to the main functional components of an IVMS. Each criterion is assigned a score based on the results of a scoring questionnaire completed by the system's stakeholders, and two graphical outputs are generated using a specific combination of these scores. An overview of the system's performance is provided through a series of pie charts synthesizing the scores for each of the three sections and the corresponding eleven subsections. A radar chart further combines the results according to eight attributes chosen to characterize the qualities of the system. Our approach was tested for the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus, a main vector of arboviruses, in two French territories with contrasting dengue epidemiology. This approach is intended to be generic and usable in all territories that are at risk of being affected by arboviruses, whether in tropical or temperate regions. Beyond a conventional assessment of the various components of an IVMS, our interdisciplinary and multisectoral approach aims to gain a better understanding of such a system in its environment, its overall functioning and its mechanisms for adapting to contextual change. It also aims to identify avenues for improvement as part of a continuous quality process, and to facilitate comparisons between territories and the cross-fertilization of knowledge between stakeholders