Development of burnout syndrome among veterinarians: An assessment using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory

This study aimed to investigate the burnout syndrome among Serbian veterinarians across different veterinaryfields using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Moreover, possible risk factors associated with thedevelopment of burnout levels in this population were also studied. The explanatory and confirmatory factoranalysis revealed two-factor solutions from the three original CBI domains, explaining a total of 65.5 % varianceamong the investigated veterinarian population. The first factor, which explained 56.3 % of the variance, waspredominantly defined by personal burnout, with high loadings ranging from 0.931 to 0.779. The second factoraccounted for 9.2 % of the variance and was primarily characterized by client-related burnout (loadings between0.942 and 0.580). Items from the work-related burnout domain of the original CBI showed cross-loadings on bothfactors, reflecting its overlap with personal and client-related dimensions. Therefore, personal/work-related andclient/work-related domains were identified in the investigated veterinarian population. The common risk factorfor two defined types of burnout was a decreased number of vacation days per year, 1–10 days. Working inscience had a protective effect on the development of burnout syndrome compared to the small practice.Establishing a protective buffer through a series of activities at the individual and organizational levels,increasing vacation days in our case, could help contain or prevent burnout syndrome among the veterinarianpopulation

The influence of sample quality and ELISA kits on the occurrence of single reactors in serological diagnostics of foot-and-mouth disease and peste des petits ruminants

Regular monitoring of susceptible animal species for specific antibodies is essential to achieve or to maintain diseasefree status for a country. The absence of certain disease in a country for many decades would yield expectation that collected animal serums would be negative for the presence of specific antibodies. However, large-scale tests often dismiss singlereactor findings as poor sample quality. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of storage conditions of negative serum samples and the specificity of ELISA kits on the test results, focusing on two key livestock diseases: foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Serum samples from bovine and ovine sources were stored at varying temperatures and durations, were subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, and were retested. Results were compared with zero-day tests which were considered to be truly accurate and negative. The quality of ELISA test results is less significantly affected by serum samples quality (affected by temperature, storage time, and freeze-thaw cycles) and occurrence of false positive single reactors, than the diagnostic specificity of different ELISA lots. This study challenges the conventional justification for single-reactor findings and underscores the importance of ELISA kit quality

Uncommon pathogen in small animal practice: a case of dog splenitis caused by Clostridium novyi type B

Clostridium novyi тип Б је Грам-позитивна, спорогена и облигатно анаеробна бактерија која узрокује обољење под називом инфективни некротични хепатитис (black disease, енгл.) код фармских животиња, посебно оваца и говеда. Обољења изазвана овом бактеријом код паса су изузетно ретка и везана су за инфекцију јетре. Ова студија описује први документовани случај спленитиса узрокованог бактеријом C. novyi тип Б код пса. Пас са симптомима спленитиса (апатија, анорексија, повраћање, грозница, тахикардија, тахипнеја и болан стомак на палпацију) примљен је у ветеринарску клинику, где је, након ултразвучне дијагностике изразите спленомегалије, извршена спленектомија, а уклоњена слезина послата је на микробиолошки преглед. Након инкубације у анаеробним условима на крвном агару израсле су бета-хемолитичне колоније неправилног облика, а бојењем по Грам-у доказано је присуство Грам-позитивних спорогених штапића. Биохемијском идентификацијом помоћу BBL Crystal ANR ID кита доказан је C. novyi са прецизношћу од 92%. Употребом multiplex PCR методе доказано је присуство fliC гена пореклом од C. novyi тип Б, а секвенцирање по Сангеру потврдило је C. novyi тип Б са 99,53% сличности са референтним сојевима. Додатна потврда идентификације извршена је филогенетском анализом, а добијена секвенца депонована је у банку гена (GenBank, идентификациони број: PP393674). Методом диск-дифузије није потврђена резистенција на испитиване антибиотике. Овај случај наглашава значај молекуларних техника, посебно PCR-а и секвенцирања, у дијагностици ретких бактеријских патогена. Имајући у виду врло ограничен број документованих инфекција C. novyi тип Б код паса, овај приказ случаја пружа важне информације о клиничкој слици, дијагнози и епидемиологији поменутог узрочника. Потребна су додатна истраживања како би се открили потенцијални предиспонирајући фактори и улога C. novyi у развоју спленитиса код паса.Clostridium novyi type B is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, and obligatory anaerobic bacterium known to cause infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) in large animals, particularly sheep and cattle. However, its occurrence in dogs is extremely rare and is primarily associated with liver infections. This report presents the first documented case of splenitis caused by C. novyi type B in a dog. A dog with symptoms of splenitis (apathy, anorexia, vomiting, fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and abdominal pain on palpation) was admitted to a veterinary clinic. Аfter ultrasound diagnostics revealed marked splenomegaly, a splenectomy was performed, and the removed spleen was sent for microbiological examination. Anaerobic culture on blood agar revealed colonies with irregular shapes and beta-hemolysis and Gram staining confirmed the presence of Gram-positive rods with endospores. Biochemical identification using the BBL Crystal ANR ID kit indicated C. novyi with 92% identity. Multiplex PCR targeting the fliC gene and subsequent Sanger sequencing confirmed the isolate as C. novyi type B with 99.53% similarity to reference strains. Phylogenetic analysis supported the identification, with the sequence deposited in GenBank (accession number PP393674). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed no resistance to tested antibiotics. This case highlights the diagnostic value of molecular techniques, particularly PCR and sequencing, for identifying rare bacterial pathogens. Given the low number of documented C. novyi type B infections in dogs, this report contributes valuable insights into its clinical presentation, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Further research is needed to discover potential risk factors, predisposing conditions, and the role of C. novyi in canine splenitis.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj

Bovine papillomatosis in a heifer – pathological aspect and therapy

Папиломатоза говеда је вирусно обољење које се карактерише појавом бенигних неоплазми на кожи говеда, а проузроковано је папилома вирусом говеда (BPV). У овом раду описан је случај папиломатозе код јунице старости 30 месеци. Пре увођења јунице у запат, лезије сличне папиломатози су биле уочене код још једне краве. Након пријема на газдинство урађено је вештачко осемењавање, потврђен је гравидитет, а потом je дошло до абортуса стотог дана гравидитета. Прве промене на кожи су уочене након двадесет дана од побачаја. Лезије су се најпре појавиле на кожи дисталних делова екстремитета у виду папиломатозних туморских израслина, наког чега је дошло до ширења лезија и на друге делове коже. У почетку, лезије су биле пречника око 5 милиметара, а касније услед раста достизале су димензије од 1 до 2 центиметра. Поједине лезије су конфлуирале и биле егзулцерисане. Ради дијагностичког испитивања извршена је ексцизија два папилома уз примену локалне инфилтративне анестезије. Након ексцизије један узорак је подељен на два дела и извршено је хистопатолошко испитивање и молекуларна детекција генома папиломавируса (PCR). Други узорак је коришћен за припрему аутогене вакцине. Хистопатолошким испитивањем утврђено је умножавање кератиноцита, хиперкератоза, присуство, коилоцита и кератохијалинх гранула. У дермису је уочено умножавање фибробласта. Применом PCR методе је утврђено присуство генома папиломавируса. У терапији је примењена аутогена вакцина произведена од узоркованог ткива папилома. Вакцинација је извршена трократно у размаку од 10 дана, супкутано. Поред тога, спроведена је имуномодулаторна терапија ивермектином у дози од 2 милиграма по килограму, трократно, са размаком од 14 дана. Регресија папилома је уочена већ после 30 дана, после 60 дана били су врло мало заступљени и значајно мањих димензија, a 90. дана било је уочљиво свега неколико израслина. У овом раду потврђен је случај папиломатозе клиничким испитивањем, доказом генетског материјала папиломавируса и хистопатолошким испитивањем туморозних промена. Имуномодулаторна терапија и аутогена вакцина имале су добар ефекат у постизању излечења.Bovine papillomatosis is a viral disease characterized by the occurrence of benign neoplasms on the skin of cattle, caused by the bovine papillomavirus (BPV). This paper describes a case of papillomatosis in a 30-month-old heifer. Before introducing the heifer into the herd, lesions similar to papillomatosis were observed in another cow. After arrival at the farm, artificial insemination was performed, pregnancy was confirmed, and subsequently, an abortion occurred on the 100th day of gestation. The first skin lesions were observed twenty days after the abortion. The lesions initially appeared on the skin of the distal parts of the limbs as papillomatous tumorous growths, which later spread to other areas of the skin. Initially, the lesions were about 5 millimeters in diameter, but as they grew, they reached sizes of 1 to 2 centimeters. Some lesions coalesced and became ulcerated. For diagnostic examination, excision of two papillomas was performed under local infiltrative anesthesia. After excision, one sample was divided into two parts for histopathological examination and molecular detection of the papillomavirus genome (PCR). The second sample was used to prepare an autogenous vaccine. Histopathological examination revealed keratinocyte proliferation, hyperkeratosis, the presence of koilocytes, and keratohyalin granules. Fibroblast proliferation was observed in the dermis. The PCR method confirmed the presence of the papillomavirus genome. For therapy, an autogenous vaccine produced from papilloma tissue was applied. Vaccination was performed three times at 10-day intervals, subcutaneously. Additionally, immunomodulatory therapy with ivermectin was administered at a dose of 2 mg per kilogram, three times, at 14-day intervals. Regression of papillomas was observed after 30 days, after 60 days, they were rarely present and significantly smaller in size, and by the 90th day, only a few growths remained. This study confirmed a case of papillomatosis through clinical examination, genome detection of papillomavirus, and histopathological examination of tumorous tissue. Immunomodulatory therapy and autogenous vaccination had a positive effect in achieving recovery.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj

Bathing of sows as a preventive measure of exudative epidermitis of pigs

Due to the desire to produce as many piglets as possible, the presence of numerous pathological conditions in piglets in the first days of life often leads to death and costs due to therapy. This paper describes a case of exudative epidermitis (EE) in 56 piglets originating from five gilts that were purchased from a large commercial farm. Clinical symptoms in piglets appear in the first 7 days of life. Clinical symptoms in piglets appear in the first 7 days of life. The disease was manifested by the appearance of brown deposits, one to two centimetres in diameter, covered with serum and exudate. T The therapy of (EE) is based on the application of beta-lactam antibiotics that prevent further losses due to the presence of the disease. A contribution to this is that the disease is more common in new herds or when many gilts are introduced into an already established herd. Prevention of EE can be achieved by adequate preparation of sows before farrowing, standards of sanitary conditions for pregnant sows, especially in housing, and washing of sows before entering the farrowing. After the therapy of the piglets with the improvement of hygiene measures, especially the washing of the sow immediately before entering the farrowing pen, no occurrence of exudative epidermatitis was recorded. With the improvement of hygienic conditions in the farrowing house, with better ventilation, cleaner and drier pens, controlled humidity and reduced stocking density. Also, as a prophylactic measure, vaccination with autogenous St. hyicus bacteria can be carried out on farms with the mentioned problems. Control of the health condition of sows, with the application of biosafety and hygiene measures, are key factors in preventing various pathological conditions in newborn piglets.Oral & poster communication

Nitrites in meat products in Serbia: harmful or safe?

Nitrate and nitrite, commonly added to meat products as sodium or potassium salts, serve multiple functions such as developing characteristic flavor, inhibiting microbial growth, and controlling rancidity by preventing lipid oxidation. Nitrites are recognized for their potential health risks to humans. The present research aimed to determine the amount of nitrite in four meat product categories in Serbia over a period from 2015 to 2021. A total of 923 samples were analyzed, including 293 finely chopped sausages, 203 coarsely chopped sausages, 160 canned meats, and 267 smoked meats. The smoked meat category consisted of eight distinct products, such as smoked pork ribs, sirloin, and chicken drumsticks. An ISO 2918 method was used to measure the nitrite content. The average nitrite content, expressed as sodium nitrite (NaNO2), was found to be 61.5 mg/kg in finely chopped sausages, 57.6 mg/kg in coarsely chopped sausages, 48.4 mg/kg in canned meat, and 41.8 mg/kg in smoked meat. The results collectively demonstrate nitrite concentrations within regulatory limits. In conclusion, the nitrite concentrations in all tested products were below the maximum allowable limits as per national and European regulations, ensuring compliance with safety standards while highlighting the importance of continuous monitoring to mitigate public health risks

Can we fight Salmonella with nano chitosan?

Salmonellosis in animals refers to diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae, specifically Salmonella enterica. Of about 2500 serotypes of this species, about 10% are isolated from poultry. Special significance of salmonella comes from their character, as some serotypes can endanger human health leading to gastrointestinal toxin infections due to the consumption of poultry products. Chitosan is a linear positively charged polyaminosaccharide (2-amino-2-deoxy-(1→ 4)-β-D glucosamine) obtained by partial deacetylation of chitin, which is a structural component with a protective function of arthropods, fungi, lichens, and bacteria. It is cost effective, non-toxic, biodegradable, has good absorptivity, non-hypersensitivity and biocompatible natural polymer. In the nanoform chitosan is stable at high temperature and resistant to microbial and enzymatic degradation at neutral pH, while retaining its positively charged amino groups responsible for its antibacterial activity. The proposed mechanism of antibacterial interaction involves positively charged chitosan interacting with negatively-charged microbial cytoplasmic membrane residues (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) blocking its permeability and culminating in the leakage of cytoplasmic contents. Since eukaryotic cells have a different organization, chitosan (as polymer or in form of nanoparticles) and chitosan-based composites are non-toxic for animal or human tissues. Promising results were observed with chitosan-based materials intended for use in sites with a heavy bacterial burden such as cecum. Antimicrobial tests were conducted on hydrogel based disks with chitosan, testing their effectiveness against planktonic cells and biofilms. For antimicrobial activity, ISO 20776-1 modified in placing discs instead of antibiotics, was used. Bactericidal concentrations (BCs) were determined after IC in subsequent sub-cultivation of 10 µl of broth from wells without growth (i.e. obvious button or definite turbidity) to MHA. Following promising results with several type strains, such as S. aureus, Methicillin resistant S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, S. Infantis, S. Typhimurium, and P. aeruginosa, antibacterial tests were conducted on 20 isolates of variety local isolated Salmonella including: S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis, S. Mbandaka, S. Senftenberg, S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Taksony and S. Tshiongwe. Tested samples revealed some level of inhibitory effect of chitosan-based material in 85% of tested salmonella, but visually undetected growth was in 35%. A bactericidal effect was noticed in 15% of isolates. The results reveal some kind of indicative results that hydrogel-based disks with chitosan could have a very good activity against salmonella. The nanoform of chitosan hydrogels synthesis is a complex procedure which allows further engineering modification in several steps. Further work and testing are required to achieve better antimicrobial effectAbstract boo

Sensory analysis of poultry meat

Човек је месо у исхрани користио и пре него што се исправио и почео да хода (бипедализам), а руке ослободио за друге радње, између осталог и за израду алата (камених сечива) за лов животиња. Тада је већ постао човек, ништа мање различит од данашњег. Већ тада је емпиријски стекао знања о храни која може да буде штетна по његово здравље. Та сазнања стекао је користећи своја чула (вид, мирис, укус, додир, слух) што значи да се његова оцеана употребљивости хране заснивала на сензорској анализи. Отуда се може рећи да је сензорска анализа најстарији поступак анализе хране и да је хигијена хране најстарија дисциплина ветеринарске медицине. И данас је сензорска анализа редован поступак анализе хране. У сензорској анализи учествују појединци, субјекти па се погрешно сумњало у њену објективност. Данас је сензорска анализа у великој мери стандардизована (уређење просторија за сензорску анализу, избор обука и тренинг оцењивача, методе испитивања) па са правом има атрибуте објективне анализе о чему говори и чињеница да се користи у научним истраживањима. Сензорска анализа меса живине се редовно користи у оцени квалитета трупа (инспекцијски преглед) који се у највећој мери заснива на визуелном прегледу и утврђивању мана трупа (промена боје, преломи костију, ишчашења зглобова, хематоми, модрице, миопатије, запаљенски процеси, промене на унутрашњим органима). У лабораторијским условима најчешће су предмет испитивања делови трупа (месо груди, батак са карабатаком) и производа од меса живине, при чему се анализира изглед, боја, мирис, укус и текстура. Лабораторијска испитивања могу да се прикажу описно (дескриптивна анализа). Испитиване особине меса живине могу бројчано да се квантификују (квантитативна дескриптивна анализа-QДА), статистички обраде и користе се у истраживачке сврхе.Man used meat in his diet even before he straightened up and began to walk (bipedalism) and freed his hands for other actions, including making tools (stone blades) for hunting animals. At that time, he had already become a man, no less different from today. Even then, he empirically acquired knowledge about food that could be harmful to his health. He acquired this knowledge using his senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing), which means that his assessment of the usability of food was based on sensory analysis. Hence, it can be said that sensory analysis is the oldest process of food analysis and that food hygiene is the oldest discipline of veterinary medicine. Even today, sensory analysis is a regular process of food analysis. Sensory analysis involves individuals, subjects, so its objectivity was wrongly doubted. Today, sensory analysis is largely standardized (arrangement of rooms for sensory analysis, selection and training of assessors, testing methods) and therefore rightfully has the attributes of objective analysis, as evidenced by the fact that it is used in scientific research. Sensory analysis of poultry meat is regularly used in carcass quality assessment (inspection), which is largely based on visual inspection and determination of carcass defects (color changes, bone fractures, joint dislocations, hematomas, bruises, myopathies, inflammatory processes, changes in internal organs). In laboratory conditions, the most common subjects of testing are carcass parts (breast meat, drumstick) and poultry meat products, where appearance, color, odor, taste and texture are analyzed. Laboratory tests can be presented descriptively (descriptive analysis). The tested properties of poultry meat can be numerically quantified (quantitative descriptive analysis - QDA), statistically processed and used for research purposes.Zbornik radov

Svinjsko meso između tradicije i nauke: nutritivna analiza i uticaj na zdravlje

Svinjsko meso čini oko 30% ukupne svetske potrošnje mesa i predstavlja značajan izvor visokokvalitetnih proteina, vitamina B kompleksa i esencijalnih minerala poput gvožđa i cinka. Iako se često klasifikuje kao crveno meso i povezuje sa povećanim rizikom od kardiovaskularnih bolesti i karcinoma, novija istraživanja ukazuju na razlike u sastavu i potencijalno neutralan ili pozitivan uticaj svinjskog mesa, naročito nemasnih delova, na zdravlje. Ovaj rad prikazuje nutritivni profil svinjskog mesa, razlike među kategorijama mesa, i analizira dostupne dokaze o njegovom uticaju na kardiometaboličko zdravlje, telesnu masu i rizik od maligniteta, sa posebnim osvrtom na održive obrasce ishrane koji uključuju svinjsko meso.Zbornik radov