Fast algorithms for Quantile Regression with Selection

The estimation of Quantile Regression with Selection (QRS) requires the estimation of the entire quantile process several times to estimate the parameters that model self-selection. Moreover, closed-form expressions of the asymptotic variance are too cumbersome, making the bootstrap more convenient to perform inference. I propose streamlined algorithms for the QRS estimator that significantly reduce computation time through preprocessing techniques and quantile grid reduction for the estimation of the parameters. I show the optimization enhancements and how they can improve the precision of the estimates without sacrificing computational efficiency with some simulations.This work is part of the I + D + i project Ref. TED2021-131763A-I00 financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. I gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Universities and the European Union-NextGenerationEU (RMZ-18)

Representations and generalization in early algebra: a comparative study of autistic students and their non-autistic peers

This study explores ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) students' early algebraic thinking abilities by comparing them to their non-ASD peers. The first aim was to examine whether possible significant differences between ASD and non-ASD students in arithmetic also extend to early algebra. The second aim focused further on early algebraic thinking, examining whether ASD students differ from their non-ASD peers in the modes of representation they use (concrete, figural, arithmetical, and symbolic) and the levels of generalization they achieve (factual, contextual, and symbolic) when engaging with early algebra tasks. Using a mixed-methods approach, we analyzed data from 26 ASD and 26 non-ASD students aged from 6 to 12 years old. Statistical analyses revealed that while ASD students' performance in the arithmetic test was lower than non-ASD students, their performance on the early algebra test was comparable. For ASD students, the figural mode of representation was a significant predictor of their total score in the early algebra test. For non-ASD students, no specific mode of representation significantly predicted their total score in the early algebra test. At the same time, factual generalizations were a significant predictor of ASD students' total scores in the early algebra test, whereas contextual and symbolic generalizations were significant predictors for non-ASD students. These findings suggest that while ASD and non-ASD students achieve similar total scores on the early algebra test, they differ in their use of specific modes of representation and the level of generalization they attain. ASD students seem to benefit from creating figural representations and tend to achieve more basic levels of generalization, compared to their non-ASD peers, who demonstrate greater flexibility in using various modes of representation and reach more advanced levels of generalization.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by the research projects PID2022- 136246 NB-I00 and PID2019-105677RB-I00 (funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, European Union) and SUBVTC-2023–0014 and SUBVTC-2022–0004 (funded by the Gobierno de Cantabria, Spain)

Análisis comparativo del uso autoinformado de estrategias en intérpretes en formación en la comunicación en inglés como L2 y la práctica de la interpretación

The relationship between strategy use in Interpreting Studies and Second Language Acquisition has received little attention, despite both fields examining how individuals address communicative difficulties through interpreting and communication strategies, respectively. This study examines self-reported strategy use in general L2 English communication and interpreting practice among interpreter trainees. Data were collected through an online questionnaire completed by 78 students enrolled in undergraduate Interpreting courses at three Spanish universities. Our results reveal similar strategy patterns in both contexts, with guessing, paraphrasing, avoidance and appeal for assistance being the most commonly used strategies, while morphological creativity and L1-based strategies were the least used. Miming and predicting were the only strategies with different patterns (italics used for emphasis for all these concepts throughout the article). Additionally, our results indicate that more strategies are used in general contexts than in interpreting practice, suggesting the need for further research on potential strategy transfer and the integration of strategic instruction in L2 courses within interpreter training.Este estudio aúna los Estudios de Interpretación con los de Adquisición de Segundas Lenguas para examinar el uso autoinformado de estrategias en la comunicación general en inglés L2 y en la práctica de la interpretación por parte de intérpretes en formación. Para ello, 78 estudiantes de grado de tres universidades españolas completaron un cuestionario online sobre su uso de estrategias en ambos contextos. Los resultados muestran patrones similares en ambos contextos, con la creatividad morfológica y las estrategias basadas en la L1 apareciendo como las menos utilizadas. Las estrategias más comunes fueron suposición, parafraseo, evasión y petición de ayuda. Además, se emplearon más estrategias en contextos generales que de interpretación, lo que sugiere la necesidad de investigar la posible transferencia de estrategias y la inclusión de instrucción estratégica en las asignaturas de L2 dentro de la formación de intérpretes.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and Innovation through the predoctoral contract PRE2021-100711

The role of nursing in polycystic ovary syndrome: health education and prevention of insulin resistance and its complications

El Síndrome de ovario poliquístico (PCOS por sus siglas en inglés, “Polycystic Ovaries Sindrome”) es una patología crónica que afecta a las mujeres en edad reproductiva causando cambios hormonales, reproductivos, ginecológicos y metabólicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica en la que se describa la anatomía y fisiología del aparato reproductor femenino de tal forma que permita entender las causas y consecuencias de esta patología. Además, se expondrá el estado actual de los conocimientos sobre esta patología, su diagnóstico y tratamiento, así como su relación con la resistencia a la insulina. Por otro lado, se pretende analizar el impacto de la resistencia a la insulina en el organismo de las mujeres que padecen este síndrome y su relación con la Diabetes Gestacional y la Diabetes Mellitus tipo II debido a la alta prevalencia de casos en mujeres con PCOS. Por último, y haciendo referencia a uno de los aspectos más importantes de la enfermería, se analizará su papel en el ovario poliquístico mediante la educación para la salud y la prevención de sus complicaciones. Esto se hará a través de recomendaciones sobre estilos de vida saludable, ejercicio y alimentación.Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome is a chronic condition that affects women of reproductive age causing hormonal, reproductive, gynecological and metabolic changes. The aim of this bibliographic review is to thoroughly describe the anatomy and physiology of women´s reproductive system in a way that it enables the understanding of the causes and consequences of this syndrome. Additionally, this paper will analyze the actual state of knowledge regarding PCOS and its diagnosis criteria and treatment, as well as its relation to insulin resistance. Furthermore, this paper intends to analyze the impact of insulin resistance on women that suffer from PCOS and its connection to Gestational Diabetes and type II Diabetes Mellitus, due to both having a high prevalence among diagnosed individuals. Lastly, referring to one of the most important aspects of nursing care, this paper will describe the role nurses take in the approach of PCOS through health education and the prevention of its complications. This will take place in the form of healthy lifestyle recommendations, exercise and nutrition.Grado en Enfermerí

Desing of a 6-speed planetary gearbox

Este Trabajo Fin de Grado tiene como objetivo el diseño y dimensionado de una caja de cambios automática basada en el modelo Allison 1000, adaptada para su integración en un vehículo utilitario ligero. El proyecto parte del estudio de antecedentes y características del sistema original, proponiendo una reinterpretación completa que permite su implementación en un entorno con menores exigencias estructurales, menor espacio disponible y menores requerimientos de carga, sin comprometer la fiabilidad del conjunto. La arquitectura de la transmisión se compone de un convertidor de par hidráulico, tres trenes planetarios idénticos, cinco embragues de fricción, tres ejes principales, rodamientos de soporte, una unidad de control electrónica simplificada mediante puertas lógicas y un conjunto de carcasas de aluminio forjado que actúan como soporte estructural. Cada componente ha sido objeto de un análisis detallado, abordando tanto su funcionalidad como su dimensionado mecánico según normativas técnicas como AGMA para engranajes, DIN 743 para ejes e ISO 281 para rodamientos. El estudio incluye el cálculo analítico de resistencia, vida útil, esfuerzos combinados, acoplamientos por estriados y transmisión de par. Asimismo, se han desarrollado simulaciones mediante análisis por elementos finitos (FEM) para validar el comportamiento estructural de ejes y carcasas ante las cargas de servicio, evaluando desplazamientos y tensiones equivalentes. Desde el punto de vista económico, se ha elaborado un presupuesto técnico detallado dividido en componentes comerciales, elementos fabricados por mecanizado, estructuras por fundición y costes de ensamblaje. La solución propuesta se compara favorablemente frente a transmisiones comerciales en cuanto a coste, simplicidad de montaje y facilidad de mantenimiento. El resultado es una transmisión automática compacta, funcional y económicamente viable, capaz de adaptarse a aplicaciones urbanas o industriales ligeras, y susceptible de ser fabricada en series medianas con recursos estándar.This Final Degree Project focuses on the design and sizing of an automatic transmission system based on the Allison 1000 model, adapted for integration into a light-duty utility vehicle. The project begins with a study of the original system's features and proposes a complete reinterpretation tailored to an environment with lower structural demands, limited available space, and reduced load requirements, without compromising system reliability. The transmission architecture includes a hydraulic torque converter, three identical planetary gear sets, five friction clutches, three main shafts, support bearings, a simplified electronic control unit based on logic gates, and a set of forged aluminum housings acting as the structural support of the system. Each component has been analyzed in detail, addressing both its function and mechanical sizing according to technical standards such as AGMA for gears, DIN 743 for shafts, and ISO 281 for bearings. The study includes analytical calculations for strength, fatigue life, combined loads, splined couplings, and torque transmission. In addition, finite element analysis (FEM) has been conducted to validate the structural behavior of shafts and housings under service loads, assessing displacements and equivalent stresses. From an economic standpoint, a detailed technical budget has been prepared, divided into commercial components, machined elements, structural cast parts, and assembly costs. The proposed solution compares favorably to commercial transmissions in terms of cost, ease of assembly, and maintenance. The result is a compact, functional, and economically viable automatic transmission system, suitable for use in urban or light industrial vehicles and capable of being manufactured in medium-scale production with standard industrial resources.Grado en Ingeniería Mecánic

Development of UI/UX improvements in EMI Suite 4.0

El presente trabajo de fin de grado se realizó en la empresa Soincon, dedicada al desarrollo de soluciones tecnológicas para el entorno industrial. El objetivo principal del proyecto fue mejorar la interfaz de usuario (UI – User interface) y la experiencia de usuario (UX – User experience) de algunos módulos de EMI Suite 4.0 (Enterprise Manufacturing Intelligence Suite), una plataforma orientada a la gestión y optimización de procesos industriales en tiempo real. Para abordar este trabajo, el equipo de Soincon seleccionó una serie de interfaces de la aplicación que requerían una mejora visual y funcional, con el objetivo de modernizar su diseño y facilitar la interacción del usuario. A partir de estos requisitos y después del estudio de buenas prácticas para conformar interfaces visuales, se diseñaron mockups interactivos utilizando la herramienta Figma, que sirvieron como referencia para validar las propuestas visuales y estructurales antes de su implementación. El desarrollo de las mejoras se llevó a cabo utilizando las tecnologías React, JavaScript, Material-UI y CSS, trabajando en un entorno controlado mediante Visual Studio Code. La comunicación con el back-end se gestionó a través de la API REST desarrollada por la empresa, lo que permitió mantener la lógica de negocio y la estructura de datos existente. Asimismo, se utilizaron herramientas como GitLab para el control de versiones y Chrome DevTools para la depuración y análisis del comportamiento visual de los componentes. El proyecto se desarrolló de forma iterativa, incorporando progresivamente los cambios en la interfaz y evaluando su impacto desde el punto de vista de la experiencia de usuario. Todo el desarrollo se llevó a cabo en coordinación con el equipo de front-end de la empresa, respetando las directrices y estándares ya establecidos en el sistema.This final degree project was carried out at Soincon, a company dedicated to developing technological solutions for the industrial environment. The main objective of the project was to improve the user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) of several modules within EMI Suite 4.0, a platform focused on the real-time management and optimization of industrial processes. To address this project, the Soincon team selected a series of application interfaces that required visual and functional improvements, aiming to modernize their design and enhance user interaction. Based on these requirements and after studying best practices for building visual interfaces, interactive mockups were designed using the Figma tool. These mockups served as a reference for validating both visual and structural proposals prior to implementation. The improvements were developed using React, JavaScript, Material-UI, and CSS, working within a controlled environment using Visual Studio Code. Communication with the back-end was managed through the company’s REST API, which allowed the existing business logic and data structure to be maintained. Additionally, tools such as GitLab were used for version control, and Chrome DevTools for debugging and analyzing the visual behavior of the components. The project followed an iterative development process, progressively incorporating interface changes and evaluating their impact from a user experience perspective. All development was carried out in coordination with the company’s front-end team, adhering to the guidelines and standards already established in the system.Grado en Ingeniería Informátic

Infectious complications in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in the era of new therapies: a review based on firstline clinical trials

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with increased susceptibility to infections due to the immunodeficiency inherent to the disease and its treatment. In the past decade, the development of new therapies, such as Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) and BCL-2 inhibitors (BCL2i), has improved clinical outcomes in CLL. However, these targeted therapies may increase or promote the development of new infectious complications. This review examines the infectious complications in CLL patients, their incidence with first-line targeted therapies, as well as their prevention and management strategies.La leucemia linfocítica crónica (LLC) se relaciona con un aumento de susceptibilidad a infecciones, debido a la inmunodeficiencia que provoca, tanto la propia enfermedad, como los tratamientos utilizados en ella. En la pasada década, el desarrollo de nuevas terapias, incluyendo los inhibidores de la tirosina quinasa de Bruton (iBTK) y los inhibidores de BCL-2 (iBCL2), ha mejorado el pronóstico de los pacientes con LLC. Sin embargo, estas nuevas terapias podrían estar promoviendo el desarrollo de nuevas infecciones. Esta revisión analiza las complicaciones infecciosas en pacientes con LLC, su incidencia en los tratamientos con terapias dirigidas de primera línea, y sus posibles estrategias de prevención y manejo.Grado en Medicin

Use of abdominal Computerized Tomography in the diagnosis of subclinical anastomotic dehiscence after rectal cancer surgery

Objetivo: La evaluación de la utilidad de la tomografía computarizada abdominopélvica en la detección precoz de la dehiscencia anastomótica en pacientes con neoformación de recto intervenidos mediante resección anterior baja. Material y métodos: Se incluyen todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de recto medio o inferior intervenidos mediante resección anterior baja con escisión total mesorrectal e ileostomía temporal por vía robótica a los que se realizó una tomografía computarizada de rutina en el 4º-5º día del postoperatorio. Se analizaron datos clínicos, radiológicos y de laboratorio para evaluar la utilidad diagnóstica de la tomografía. Resultados: La tasa de dehiscencia anastomótica fue del 16,5% (18/109). La tomografía computarizada mostró una sensibilidad del 58,8%, especificidad del 100%, valor predictivo positivo del 100% y valor predictivo negativo del 92,8%. Los hallazgos de la tomografía y la evolución de los biomarcadores inflamatorios se asociaron estrechamente a la sospecha clínica. Conclusión: La tomografía computarizada precoz mostró una alta especificidad y valor predictivo positivo para el diagnóstico de dehiscencia anastomótica, aunque con sensibilidad limitada. Su interpretación debe complementarse con la clínica y los marcadores inflamatorios para un diagnóstico y manejo temprano óptimos.Aim: This study aims to assess the diagnostic utility of abdominopelvic computed tomography for the early detection of anastomotic leakage in patients with rectal neoplasms who have undergone low anterior resection. Materials and methods: This study was conducted on patients diagnosed with mid- or low-rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision and temporary ileostomy using a robotic surgical approach. All patients included in the study underwent routine abdominopelvic computed tomography on postoperative day 4 or 5 as part of early postoperative surveillance. Clinical, laboratory and radiological data were analysed to explore the diagnostic usefulness of tomography. Results: The anastomotic leakage was identified in 16.5% of cases (18 out of 109 patients). Computed tomography demonstrated a sensitivity of 58.8%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 92.8%. Tomography findings and the evolution of inflammatory biomarkers were closely associated with clinical suspicion. Conclusion: Early postoperative computed tomography demonstrated high specificity and positive predictive value in the detection of anastomotic leakage, though sensitivity remained moderate. This highlights the importance of incorporating radiological findings with clinical assessment and inflammatory markers to improve early diagnosis and management.Grado en Medicin

The gender perspective in specialized medical training

Este trabajo analiza como se configura la formación médica especializada en España desde una perspectiva de género. A través de una revisión bibliográfica y una entrevista semiestructurada, se examinan tres categorias principales: el equilibrio de género en distintas especialidades, los contenidos de género impartidos durante la residencia y la inclusión de la morbilidad diferencial en la práctica clínica. Los resultados muestran una brecha de género en el examen MIR, condicionada por el formato de evaluación y la presión competitiva. Persisten también los estereotipos que afectan en la elección de la especialidad y en su desarrollo profesional mientras que las competencias de género enseñadas durante la residencia son limitadas y rara vez abordan la morbilidad diferencial. Por todo ello, se concluye que incorporar esta perspectiva de forma transversal sigue siendo una tarea pendiente en la formación médica especializada.This study analyzes how specialized medical training is structured in Spain from a gender perspective. Through a literature review and a semi-structured interview, three main categories are examined: gender balance across different specialties, gender-related content taught during the residency, and the inclusion of differential morbidity in clinical practice. The results reveal a gender gap in the MIR exam, influenced by the evaluation format and competitive pressure. Persistent stereotypes also affect specialty choice and professional development, while gender competencies taught during the residency are limited and rarely address differential morbidity. Therefore, it is concluded that incorporating this perspective transversally remains an unfinished task in specialized medical training.Grado en Medicin

Treatment-resistant depression and intranasal esketamine: Spanish clinical consensus on practical aspects

Background: Pharmacological management of major depressive disorder has traditionally relied on antidepressants targeting the monoaminergic pathway. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients have been frequently excluded from registrational trials, resulting in a lack of clear clinical recommendations for an optimised management. In recent years, treatments based on other mechanisms of action have been developed and approved. Intranasal esketamine is a novel non-monoaminergic treatment directed to improve neuroplasticity through the modulation of the glutamatergic system. In this clinical consensus we aimed to provide expert guidance on the use of intranasal esketamine for TRD patients based in our clinical practice in Spain. Methods: A scientific committee of nine psychiatrists, experts in TRD in Spain, reviewed the literature (grey literature and articles/scientific communications published in English or Spanish between January 2014 and January 2024 in PubMed). Statements on practical aspects of TRD management with intranasal esketamine were developed in a first meeting following a discussion group approach, refined in a second meeting with a nominal group technique, and finally drafted after consensus in a third meeting. Results: We recommend a treatment algorithm for the management of TRD with intranasal esketamine. Recommendations were made for specific clinical profiles with other psychiatric comorbidities, which are not contraindications, and for patients who do not have at least a 50 % reduction in symptoms during the first induction phase (partial responders at the end of an induction phase). Treatment should be given in the same health centre where the patient normally receives mental care. The patient?s clinical progress will determine early optimisation of intranasal esketamine dose during the induction phase, the need for flexible doses/repeating the induction treatment phase, customisation of management, and treatment duration. We described factors impacting the use of intranasal esketamine and made recommendations on the characteristics of the ideal setting for its administration. Socio-economic aspects of intranasal esketamine were reviewed. Conclusions: This is the first consensus developed in Spain regarding practical aspects of TRD management with intranasal esketamine, with a treatment algorithm for patients who are only partial responders at the end of the induction phase