The Llibre del Consolat de Mar: a medieval normative body in the Ius commune scope

This study aims to address an always controversial issue, such as the reception of Roman law in the set of local laws and institutions -Iura propria-. In the case of the Llibre del Consolat de Mar, with the present research it is intended to contribute to determine the degree of reception of the Roman law -in particular through the Justinian Roman law-, and in the case that such reception is lesser than it is usually believed, this would mean that Ius commune did not always prevail over the own customs and practices of a specific area such as in the medieval western Mediterranean maritime law contained in this Llibre

Experimental validation of how information influences individual behavior

En este experimento se recogerán los datos de las acciones tomadas por los participantes, sus pagos, tiempos por pantalla de decisión, así como datos sociodemográficos como edad, género, nivel educativo. En particular en este experimento también se recogen decisiones sobre aversión al riesgo, nivel cognitivo, creencias, preferencias sociales. A continuación, se presenta el diccionario de variables de los datos recogidos donde se describe: variable, descripción de la variable, tipo de dato, valores posibles/formato. Diccionario de variables del Software Experimental Software Treatment Treatment display name VAT_evasion W_NoInfo Whistleblowing - No info VAT_evasion TA_NoInfo Tax Audit - No info VAT_evasion TA_Info Tax Audit - Info VAT_evasion W_NoInfo_PG Whistleblowing - No info - Public goods VAT_evasion 'W_NoInfo2 Whistleblowing - No info - 2 Los valores de configuración de los tratamientos se recogen en la siguiente tabla: W_NoInfo TA_NoInfo TA_Info W_NoInfo_PG 'W_NoInfo2 public_goods False False False True False tax_audit False True True False False tax_audit_info False False True False False whistleblowing True False False True True public_goods_entity ----- ----- ----- ??? ----- price 10 10 10 10 10 profit_tax_rate 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 buyers_edowement 20 20 20 20 20 VAT_rate 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 TA_audit_probability None ??? None None None fine_rate 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 whistleblowing_cost 0 0 0 0 0 whistleblowing_reward 0 0 0 0 0 Listado variables Se genera una fila para cada sujeto, para cada uno de los periodos. A continuación se muestran las variables importantes. Aquellas que no se muestran en la siguiente tabla son auxiliares. Variable Content min max type Participant (Empiezan en la columna A se nombran participant.nombre_variable) id_in_session Identificador numérico del sujeto en la sesión 1 48 Integer code Identificador único del participante text label Nombre ordenador text time_started_utc Momento de inicio DateTime Field Player (Empiezan en la columna P se nombran player.nombre_variable) id_in_group Identificador dentro del grupo. Cada grupo consta de únicamente 2 participantes. Cada cluster consta de 3 grupos. Se corresponde con el rol: 1 – Vendedor 2 - Comprador 1 2 integer role Rol del participante. Es constante a lo largo del experimento. Puede ser Vendedor o comprador payoff Beneficio en puntos en la ronda actual 8 10 currency cluster Número del cluster al cual el participante pertenece. Es constante a lo largo del experimento 0 7 evade Si el jugador decide evadir impuestos en la ronda actual 0 False 1 True boolean whistle Si el jugador decide denunciar una evasión de impuestos en la ronda actual 0 False 1 True boolean paid_taxes Los impuestos pagados en cada ronda 0 1 currency total_taxes Los impuestos pagados en las rondas seleccionadas 0 5 currency final_earnings Pago final en puntos, calculado a partir de los payoffs de las rondas seleccionadas en paid_rounds 40 50 currency final_payment Pago final en euros, calculado a partir de final_earnings y el factor de conversión seleccionado currency phase La fase del experimento en que se encuentra el jugador 1 3 integer state El estado en que se encuentra el jugador acorde a la tabla de estados que se describe más abajo 0 6 Integer/ enum pc_name Nombre del ordenador string ip_address IP ordenador GenericIP AddressField Group (Empiezan en la columna A y se nombran group.nombre_variable) Variables comunes del grupo id_in_subsession Identificador de grupo comprador-vendedor al que pertenece el sujeto 1 24 integer audited Si el grupo ha sido auditado en los tratamientos con tax_audit = True 0 False 1 True boolean subsession (Empiezan en la columna AI se nombran subsession.nombre_variable) round_number Número de ronda 1 20 integer session (Empiezan en la columna AW se nombran session.nombre_variable) code Identificador único de la sesión Text label Identificador de tratamiento Text Además se exporta el fichero VAT_evasion (custom export) con las siguientes variables relevantes: total_taxes Total de tasas recaudadas en las rondas seleccionadas en CU 0 120 CurrencyField paid rounds Lista de las rondas seleccionadas para los pagos String payment NE Pago para [comprador, vendedor] en caso de que el vendedor no evada [Float, Float] payment E-NE Pago para [comprador, vendedor] en caso de que el comprador no evada [Float, Float] payment E-E-A Pago para [comprador, vendedor] en caso de que haya evasión y whistleblowing/auditoría [Float, Float] payment E-E-NA Pago para [comprador, vendedor] en caso de que haya evasión y no haya whistleblowing/auditoría [Float, Float] cfg name Nombre del tratamiento String cfg public_goods Si hay public goods 0 1 Boolean cfg tax_audit Si hay auditoría 0 1 Boolean cfg tax_audit_info Si se da información de la auditoría 0 1 Boolean cfg whistleblowing Si hay whistleblowing 0 1 Boolean cfg public_goods_entity Nombre de la entidad sin ánimo de lucro a la que se destinan las tasas recaudadas, si la hubiera String cfg price Price Float cfg profit_tax_rate Profit tax rate Float cfg buyers_endowement Buyer’s endowement Float cfg VAT_Rate VAT rate Float cfg TA_audit_probability Probability that the Tax agency audits 0 1 Float cfg fine_rate Fine rate Float cfg whistleblowing_cost Cost for the Buyer if they whistlebow Float cfg whistleblowing_reward Incentive/reward for the Buyer if they whistleblow Float Listado de estados En todo momento el jugador tiene asociado un estado numérico correspondiente al punto del experimento en que se encuentra: Estado Valor Descripción NS 0 not started NE 1 not evade E 2 evade E_NE 3 evade -> not evade E_E 4 evade -> evade E_E_Q 5 evade -> evade -> evasion catched E_E_NQ 6 evade -> evade -> evasion not catchedWe experimentally explore VAT evasion under different auditing regimes: a Tax Agency with a known probability of auditing, a Tax Agency with an unknown probability of auditing and a Whistleblowing regime where buyers can report on tax evasion. Evasion is higher when there is a Tax Agency with risk than when there is a Tax Agency with ambiguity randomly auditing. The difference is due to both a lower rate of evasion proposals from part of the sellers and a higher rejection of evasion proposals from part of the buyers. Moreover, evasion is higher when there is a whistleblowing policy than when there is a Tax Agency randomly auditing. Our results suggest an ambiguity aversion effect counteracted by a conspiracy effect. The difference is due to a higher rejection of evasion proposals from part of the buyers. HIPOTESIS: Hipótesis 1: There is full tax evasion in the three treatments. Hipótesis 2: No Buyer whistleblows in treatment W. Hipótesis 3: Evasion does not change from an environment with risk (TAR) to an environment with uncertainty (TAA), given the same probability of being audited. Hipótesis 4: Evasion does not change from an environment with nature auditing (TAA) to one where a person audits (W), given the same probability of being audited.MInisterio de Ciencia, Investigación y UniversidadContiene un fichero con los tratamientos de una sesión experimenta

Des deux principaux mondes du droit: entre la jurisprudence du droit romain/romano-germanique et la jurisprudence de la Common law.

Tenant compte de la définition de « jurisprudence romaine », de « jurisprudence au Droit romano-germanique », de « jurisprudence à la Common law » et de « doctrine juridique au Droit romano-germanique », bien que le Droit romano-germanique soit beaucoup plus influencé par le Droit romain que la Common law, le sens du terme anglais « jurisprudence » utilisé dans la Common law est beaucoup plus proche de l'acception de « jurisprudence romaine » que la principale et plus générale acception de « jurisprudence au Droit romano-germanique ». Ce fait prouve un beaucoup plus grand lien du terme anglais (et donc de « jurisprudence à la Common law ») à l'étymologie et au sens de ce mot à ses origines - à Rome, au Droit romain - que celui de « jurisprudence du Droit romano-germanique ». En ce sens, dans le Droit romano-germanique le nom utilisé pour faire référence à la signification de « jurisprudence romaine » est « doctrine juridique », donc il s'agit d'un nom complètement différent de celui de « jurisprudence » au sens étymologique, romain et à la Common law. En ce qui concerne les fonctions et l'importance de la jurisprudence dans les deux principaux mondes du Droit, tenant compte de ses fonctions et son importance au Droit romain, au Droit romano-germanique et à la Common law, bien que le Droit romano-germanique soit beaucoup plus influencé par le Droit romain que la Common law, les fonctions et l'importance de la jurisprudence dans la Common law sont plus proches de la jurisprudence romaine (dans son double aspect d'applicatrice et créatrice de Droit, et comme la plus importante source du Droit en arrivant à être d'application même obligatoire) que celles de la jurisprudence dans le Droit romano-germanique. Cettes similitudes peuvent être due, entre autres, à l'attachement beaucoup plus grand à la tradition et à l'autorité et au respect des auteurs de la jurisprudence (prudentes à Rome et juges à la Common law) à la Common law et à Rome qu'au Droit romano-germanique, Droit que de plus depuis la fin de l'Ancien Régime tend à limiter la possibilité que des sujets autres que le pouvoir législatif créent Droit et plus encore Droit d'application obligatoire ou même préférentiel à d'autres sources du Droit

Cyberbullying: Education Research

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Cyberbullying: Education Research by Diana Marín Suelves 1,* [ORCID] , Ana Rodríguez Guimeráns 2, Mª Mercedes Romero Rodrigo 1 [ORCID] and Silvia López Gómez 2 [ORCID] 1 Department of Didactics and School Organization, Faculty of Philosophy and Educational Sciences, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain 2 Department of Pedagogy and Learning, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago, Spain * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Educ. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13080763 Submission received: 5 May 2023 / Revised: 11 July 2023 / Accepted: 19 July 2023 / Published: 25 July 2023 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Technologies and Digital Narratives in the Education and Development of Children and Adolescents) Download keyboard_arrow_down Browse Figures Review Reports Versions Notes Abstract Today's society is characterised by a high degree of digitisation and the use of electronic devices at an increasingly early age. Data from recent studies and news reports from different parts of the world have focused on the malicious use of these devices by some young people to engage in peer-to-peer bullying, now known as cyberbullying. Given the negative impact of exposure to these situations on the health and well-being of children and young people, we felt it was important to analyse the scientific evidence from a dual perspective. To this end, we carried out a bibliometric study of 131 articles selected from the Scopus database using the PRISMA method to quantify the scientific literature in terms of productivity, collaboration, impact and dissemination. In addition, we carried out a content analysis to explore this polyhedral reality further through three main categories. The results made it possible to identify the places, authors, and journals where useful information can be found. We were also able to highlight the need for training for the various educational and social actors and to identify risk factors associated with cyberbullying and the importance of primary prevention

Junctophilin-1 is a modifier gene of GDAP1-related Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Mutations in the GDAP1 gene cause different forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, and the primary clinical expression of this disease is markedly variable in the dominant inheritance form (CMT type 2K; CMT2K), in which carriers of the GDAP1 p.R120W mutation can display a wide range of clinical severity. We investigated the JPH1 gene as a genetic modifier of clinical expression variability because junctophilin-1 (JPH1) is a good positional and functional candidate. We demonstrated that the JPH1-GDAP1 cluster forms a paralogon and is conserved in vertebrates. Moreover, both proteins play a role in Ca(2+) homeostasis, and we demonstrated that JPH1 is able to restore the store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) activity in GDAP1-silenced cells. After the mutational screening of JPH1 in a series of 24 CMT2K subjects who harbour the GDAP1 p.R120W mutation, we characterized the JPH1 p.R213P mutation in one patient with a more severe clinical picture. JPH1(p.R213P) cannot rescue the SOCE response in GDAP1-silenced cells. We observed that JPH1 colocalizes with STIM1, which is the activator of SOCE, in endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane puncta structures during Ca(2+) release in a GDAP1-dependent manner. However, when GDAP1(p.R120W) is expressed, JPH1 seems to be retained in mitochondria. We also established that the combination of GDAP1(p.R120W) and JPH1(p.R213P) dramatically reduces SOCE activity, mimicking the effect observed in GDAP1 knock-down cells. In summary, we conclude that JPH1 and GDAP1 share a common pathway and depend on each other; therefore, JPH1 can contribute to the phenotypical consequences of GDAP1 mutations

Fluholoscopy¿Compact and Simple Platform Combining Fluorescence and Holographic Microscopy

The combination of different imaging modalities into single imaging platforms has a strong potential in biomedical sciences as it permits the analysis of complementary properties of the target sample. Here, we report on an extremely simple, cost-effective, and compact microscope platform for achieving simultaneous fluorescence and quantitative phase imaging modes with the capability of working in a single snapshot. It is based on the use of a single illumination wavelength to both excite the sample's fluorescence and provide coherent illumination for phase imaging. After passing the microscope layout, the two imaging paths are separated using a bandpass filter, and the two imaging modes are simultaneously obtained using two digital cameras. We first present calibration and analysis of both fluorescence and phase imaging modalities working independently and, later on, experimental validation for the proposed common-path dual-mode imaging platform considering static (resolution test targets, fluorescent micro-beads, and water-suspended lab-made cultures) as well as dynamic (flowing fluorescent beads, human sperm cells, and live specimens from lab-made cultures) samples

Food-Intolerance Genetic Testing: A Useful Tool for the Dietary Management of Chronic Gastrointestinal Disorders

The rise in food intolerances and celiac disease, along with advanced diagnostic techniques, has prompted health professionals to seek effective and economical testing methods. This study evaluates combining genetic tests with routine carbohydrate-absorption breath tests to classify patients with chronic gastrointestinal disorders into therapeutic groups, enhancing dietary management and improving gut health and quality of life. Forty-nine patients with suspected carbohydrate intolerance underwent genetic testing for lactase non-persistence, hereditary fructose intolerance, and celiac disease risk. Simultaneously, breath tests assessed lactose and fructose absorption. The lactase non-persistence genotype appeared in 36.7% of cases, with one hereditary fructose-intolerance case in a heterozygous condition. Celiac disease risk markers (HLA-DQ2/8 haplotypes) were found in 49.0% of the population. Secondary lactose and/or fructose malabsorption was present in 67.3% of patients, with 66.1% of lactase non-persistence individuals showing secondary lactose malabsorption. Fructose malabsorption was prevalent in 45.8% of patients at risk for celiac disease. Two main treatment groups were defined based on genetic results, indicating primary and irreversible gastrointestinal disorder causes, followed by a sub-classification using breath test results. Genetic testing is a valuable tool for designing dietary management plans, avoiding unnecessary diet restrictions, and reducing recovery times

Derecho cooperativo, sociedades agrarias de transformación y otras entidades de economía social

En el marco temporal del análisis jurisprudencial del presente número de la Revista, fuera del marco de las sociedades cooperativas, no hay en el Tribunal Supremo resoluciones que analicen cuestiones sustantivas en torno al resto de entidades de la economía social. Y las que afectan a cooperativas, se centran, básicamente, en las de viviendas, en cuestiones de crédito y cláusulas suelo, y la aplicación de la hoy derogada Ley 57/1968, de 27 de julio, sobre percibo de cantidades anticipadas en la construcción y venta de viviendas

Movimientos feministas brasileños: de la acción internacional a la Asamblea Constituyente brasileña de 1986-1987

Este artículo examina cómo el feminismo transnacional y las Conferencias Mundiales sobre las Mujeres de la ONU, iniciadas en 1975, fortalecieron el movimiento feminista en Brasil, logrando la inclusión del 85% de las demandas de las mujeres en la Constitución de 1988. Analiza cómo el feminismo ganó impulso durante el final de la dictadura cívico-militar (1964-1985) y el proceso de redemocratización, destacando el papel crucial de estas conferencias en la institucionalización del feminismo dentro del Estado brasileño. Esto llevó a la creación del Consejo Nacional de los Derechos de la Mujer (CNDM) en 1985, fundamental para la participación de las mujeres en el proceso constituyente. El artículo detalla cómo la militancia a través del “Lobby do Batom” (Lobby de Pintalabios) y el CNDM logró incluir importantes disposiciones de igualdad de género en la Constitución. Subraya el impacto del feminismo transnacional y la institucionalización en el avance de la equidad de género y los derechos de las mujeres en Brasil

Hegel's Organizational Account of Biological Functions

Two concepts have polarized the philosophical debates on functions since the 1970s. One is Millikan's concept of 'proper function', meant to capture the aetiology of biological organs and artefacts. The other is Cummins's concept of 'dispositional function', designed to account for the real work that functional devices perform within a system. In this paper I locate Hegel's concept of biological function in the context of those debates. Admittedly, Hegel's concept is 'etiological', since in his account the existence of purposive organs is explained by appeal to their purpose, yet, against Millikan's concept, Hegel's does not presuppose the phenomenon of natural selection nor derives the function of tokens from the function of types. So, my aim is, first, to present Hegel's approach to biological functions as one neither purely etiological nor purely dispositional. It will appear rather as an example of an organizational account (as those advocated today by McLaughlin, Mossio and others), that attributes function according to present performances (unlike etiological accounts) and emphasizes the role of functional parts in their self-production within the system they belong to (unlike dispositional accounts). Finally, I briefly discuss how Hegel's concept performs against common objections to organizational accounts