Chemistry of Hypoxanthine: Advancement in Derivatization and Drug Development

Heterocyclic compounds, especially nitrogen‐containing ones, have emerged as central focus in organic synthesis, driven by their vast synthetic versatility and functional utility. Hypoxanthine and its derivatives have long intrigued chemists due to their distinctive chemical structure and versatile biological properties. As a key purine derivative involved in nucleotide metabolism, hypoxanthine plays a vital role in many cellular processes. Recently, it has been investigated as a biomarker for various diseases including hypoxia, multiple sclerosis, colorectal cancer, Alzheimer's and cardiac ischemia. Its derivatives attracted much attention nowadays owing to their diverse biological profile such as antiviral, antimicrobial, and antimalarial effects. The flexibility to modify hypoxanthine's core structure has facilitated the creation of numerous therapeutic agents, positioning hypoxanthine as a key subject of interest in medicinal chemistry and drug design. This review primarily targets on the methodologies for synthesizing hypoxanthine derivatives and assists the future researcher for developing bioactive scaffolds with enhanced pharmacokinetics and clinical translation by advancement in prodrug design

A Basque Auteur for a New Generation: The Case of Kepa Sojo

The work of Kepa Sojo offers an ideal window into the global dissemination opportunities available to contemporary Basque cinema through online streaming and international festival circuits. Sojo’s career as a filmmaker, academic and festival operator presents an exciting insight into ever-growing Basque film production as it negotiates regional and national boundaries. Sojo’s as yet critically under-addressed oeuvre furthermore provides insight into the pervading generic and stylistic trends of twenty-first century Basque filmmaking and their interaction with both the history and the future of this regional cinema

‘It Gives Me Safety to Be Here’: Patients' Perspectives About Safety on Psychiatric Wards

Providing safe care within psychiatric wards is essential to promote the well-being and recovery of patients on the wards. This can however be complicated because patients' behaviours can present risks to themselves and others. Understanding what patients think about safety on psychiatric wards holds crucial insight about addressing and managing safety issues on the wards. The aim of this study is to understand safety on psychiatric wards from the perspective of the patients. The study is a systematic review that follows PRISMA guidance and registered with PROSPERO. A comprehensive search of five electronic databases was completed. Searches were limited to peer-reviewed academic journal articles published in English language from 2014 which examine safety on psychiatric settings from the patients' perspective. An initial result of 28 567 studies was filtered to six studies that met all the eligibility criteria. Quality assessment was completed using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme whereas data synthesis was conducted using thematic analysis. Four major themes that describe safety on psychiatric wards emerged: perception of safety; prevalence of lack of safety: perpetuating lack of safety; and promoting safety. Safety on psychiatric wards is like two sides of a coin: what promotes safety can also perpetuate lack of safety. The place (hospital), people (staff) and practice can both promote safety and perpetuate lack of safety. Finding and maintaining the right balance is crucial for achieving safety on psychiatric wards. These findings have implications for the effective management of safety issues on psychiatric wards

T&T Clark Handbook of Sexualities in the Bible and its Reception

This volume explores the range and richness of sexualities evoked in the biblical texts and their reception history. Contributors utilise theoretical and hermeneutical approaches to engage with different aspects of sexualities in/and the Bible, including the beliefs, behaviours, and bodies that haunt both the texts and their interpretive traditions.The contributors cover themes that have previously been subject to much debate in biblical scholarship, such as LGBTQI+ identities, heterosexuality, marriage, sexual violence, and circumcision, but it also engages with issues that tend to receive less scholarly attention, including asexuality, homoeroticism, voyeurism, sex work, masturbation, menstruation, pornography, disability, mental health, and reproductive justice. Written from a diversity of disciplinary perspectives, including biblical studies, sexuality studies, theology, religious studies, gender studies, cultural studies, disability studies, psychology and philosophy, each chapter offers fresh, and at times surprising, insights about sexualities in/and the Bible and its reception history

A Legal Assessment of the Status of the European Model of Sport Following the Judgments of the Court of Justice on 21 December 2023

On 21 December 2023, the Court of Justice of the European Union reignited the debate on the merits of the so‐called “European Model of Sport”, despite not even referring to it in the judgements. In ISU, Superleague, and Royal Antwerp, the Court considered the legality of several sporting rules considered fundamental to the structural integrity of the pyramidic sports model.1 This contribution examines four such rules on: prior authorisation, solidarity, nationality, and arbitration. It argues that the Court has not deconstructed the European model by calling into question the ability of sports governing bodies to continue to act as regulators of their respective sports, but that this regulatory autonomy is conditioned on govern‐ ing bodies drafting, implementing, and enforcing sporting rules within a framework of good governance. Scholars of this field will recognise this message and might assume that it is judicial endorsement the EU’s sport policy developed by the Euro‐ pean Commission, the European Parliament, and the Member States. In fact, the Court declined to make reference to the policy messaging, instead side‐lining those contributions through dismissive treatment of Article 165 TFEU and a refusal to even recognise that a sports “policy” exists at all. Does this matter given that there has been a convergence of messaging between the policy and legal streams, or will politics want to reassert itself and wrestle oversight of international sports govern‐ ance away from judicial adjudication

Unravelling the use and sequence of regulated learning in online collaborative learning: a pilot study

Introduction: Effective online collaborative learning goes beyond completing a task. Regulating individual and group-shared learning processes is essential for success in online collaborative learning. This study had the aim of identifying how medical students use and sequence their regulation of learning during an online collaborative learning task. Methods: This study employed lag sequential analysis to examine sequential patterns of regulated learning. 68 year 4 medical students were divided into 6 groups of 11 to 12 and worked on an online prescribing scenario. Group discussions were recorded, transcribed and coded using a specifically developed coding scheme. Lag sequential analysis was then applied to identify the sequences through which different types and processes of regulated learning unfolded during the collaborative task.Results: Sequential analysis showed that medical students frequently used co-regulated learning and socially shared-regulated learning in a cyclical approach. Monitoring facilitated important metacognitive and cognitive processes and also there was an association between planning and orientation processes with positive emotions. Conclusion: The findings have implications for the design of effective online collaborative learning, such as incorporating monitoring prompts, fostering positive atmosphere in groups and providing consecutive tasks to stimulate reflection. <br/

Working on the clinical frontline during the COVID-19 pandemic, the perceptions and experiences of hospital chaplains

Hospital Chaplaincy Teams played a vital role during the COVID-19 Pandemic but the full depth of their experiences and personal impacts is not fully known. This UK study was advertised using social media platforms, local press, chaplaincy professional bodies. An electronic survey was completed by 63 hospital chaplains with the opportunity for all respondents to participate in follow up interviews, which was selected by seven chaplains and explored the personal impacts, experiences and reflections of working during the pandemic. Their views of the impact of initiatives, practices and organisational changes were explored. Themes included: [1] Challenges and personal impact, including; reflections on the enormity of the situation, personal fears and sacrifices, and clinical challenges [2] Practical solutions; personal, and support from colleagues, and [3] Organisational issues and suggestions. This paper concludes with recommendations for organisations and further research

Sanctions, Countermeasures, and Responding to Russia's Invasion of Ukraine

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has marked a notable shift in the use of sanctions as a tool of foreign policy, particularly between ‘western’ aligned states. While the use of sanctions has been increasing steadily in recent years, and notably since Russia’s first invasion of Ukraine in 2014, the full-scale attack by Russia from February 2022 has ignited a much more robust approach to sanctions than we have seen before. While sanctions have long been a tool of foreign policy, the response to Russia’s actions has been marked by an unprecedented scale and coordination, particularly amongst Western-aligned states. This situation has not only tested the boundaries of existing legal frameworks but has also highlighted the divergent perspectives on the legality and legitimacy of sanctions, particularly when employed outside of UN Security Council authorisation.One of the most contentious issues arising from the Ukraine conflict is the proposition of seizing sovereign assets as a form of sanction. This has reignited debates on the legal basis of sanctions and the applicability of principles such as non-intervention and state immunity. The lack of a clear consensus on these fundamental principles underscores the need for a comprehensive examination of the legal and policy implications of sanctions, especially in light of their increasing prominence in international relations.This Chapter aims to analyse this legal framework, focusing on the challenges posed by the recent initiatives aimed at seizing Russian assets. It will explore the existing legal frameworks governing the principle of non-intervention and the doctrine of countermeasures, and assess how these frameworks apply to the novel approaches adopted in response to the Ukraine crisis. The Chapter also aims to shed light on the divergent legal positions amongst states and the potential implications of the current trends in sanctions for the future of international law and relations

Perspectives of stakeholders on running 'Pill School' in community settings:a survey based study

OBJECTIVES: Liquid formulations are the most widely used pharmaceutical forms among children but may not be the most appropriate. 'Pill School' methodologies exist to teach children how to swallow tablets but are not yet integrated into primary care. The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of key stakeholders on running 'Pill Schools'.METHODS: We used tailored surveys to gather perspectives from four key stakeholder groups: children and young people (CYP); parents and carers; school staff; and healthcare professionals (HCPs) working in general practice.KEY FINDINGS: In total, 140 people participated, including 11 CYP, 22 parents, 16 school-based staff (50%, n = 8 were head teachers), 91 primary care-based HCPs most of whom were GPs (60.4%, n = 55), pharmacists (16.5%, n = 15), and nurses (10%, n = 9). Most stakeholders consulted were supportive of the concept of 'Pill School'. Common enablers mentioned by HCPs were time and funding. The main barriers mentioned were time, capacity and workload with others citing parental concerns in addition.CONCLUSIONS: The consultation explored stakeholders' perspectives of teaching children to swallow tablets in community settings. Most stakeholders were supportive of the concept of 'Pill School'. HCPs favoured starting with children aged 4 and above whilst parents and school staff favoured starting with children from 8 years and above. There was a clear interest in taking this forward to equip children with this life skill early on, avoiding them becoming adults who have difficulty swallowing tablets.</p

Exploring the validity of smartphone based single camera markerless motion capture technology to quantify knee range of motion in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Background: Single camera markerless motion capture technology offers a potential means of assessing joint function in patients with musculoskeletal disorders/diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and within-session reliability of sagittal plane knee joint kinematics quantified using the Deep Vision platform in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Sagittal plane knee joint kinematics were quantified using a 3D motion capture system, the msk.ai Deep Vision platform and Kinovea in fifteen patients with knee osteoarthritis. Bland Altman plots with 95 % limits of agreement were used to assess validity and within-session reliability, with mean differences and limits of agreement explored relative to ± 5° and 10° clinically meaningful thresholds, respectively. This is based on the assumption that changes in joint angles greater than 5° are clinically meaningful. Results: Mean differences and 95 % limits of agreement were within the clinically meaningful thresholds when using the Deep Vision platform to quantify peak knee flexion and extension, and range of motion. Mean differences were within the clinically meaningful threshold for Kinovea based assessments, but 95 % limits of agreement exceeded the ± 10° clinically meaningful threshold for peak flexion and range of motion. All assessment methods displayed mean differences and 95 % confidence intervals within the clinically meaningful thresholds on average when comparing across repetitions to quantify within-session reliability. Conclusion: The findings of the study demonstrate that the msk.ai Deep Vision platform provides a valid and reliable means of quantifying peak knee flexion, extension and range of motion. Contribution of the Paper: • The Deep Vision platform, a smartphone based markerless motion capture technology, provides a valid means of measuring knee range of motion. • The Deep Vision platform displays high reliability when measuring knee range of motion.</p