The Sub-Criteria for Evacuation-Based Pedestrian Route Design Parameters

Indonesia, surrounded by three major tectonic plates—the Indo-Australian plate, the Pacific plate, and the Eurasian plate—faces a relatively high disaster risk. The city of Padang in West Sumatra, located on the western side of Sumatra Island and in proximity to tectonic plates, is particularly susceptible to earthquakes and tsunamis. To mitigate disaster risk, Padang requires evacuation-focused road infrastructure, including pedestrian paths. This study aims to assess the validity of sub-criteria parameters for creating pedestrian evacuation routes in Padang. It employs quantitative descriptive research methods, utilizing Aiken's V and Cronbach Alpha. The study involved distributing validation forms to five experts, comprising two Civil Engineering lecturers and three members of Padang City's BPBD (Regional Disaster Management Agency) specializing in Planning and Preparedness. The participants' responses, recorded through the forms, served as data for analyzing and identifying sub-criteria for evacuation-oriented pedestrian route design parameters. The study's findings reveal that one sub-criteria—Safety Fence from the Amenities parameter with a value of V = 0.7—is invalid.Indonesia, surrounded by three major tectonic plates—the Indo-Australian plate, the Pacific plate, and the Eurasian plate—faces a relatively high disaster risk. The city of Padang in West Sumatra, located on the western side of Sumatra Island and in proximity to tectonic plates, is particularly susceptible to earthquakes and tsunamis. To mitigate disaster risk, Padang requires evacuation-focused road infrastructure, including pedestrian paths. This study aims to assess the validity of sub-criteria parameters for creating pedestrian evacuation routes in Padang. It employs quantitative descriptive research methods, utilizing Aiken's V and Cronbach Alpha. The study involved distributing validation forms to five experts, comprising two Civil Engineering lecturers and three members of Padang City's BPBD (Regional Disaster Management Agency) specializing in Planning and Preparedness. The participants' responses, recorded through the forms, served as data for analyzing and identifying sub-criteria for evacuation-oriented pedestrian route design parameters. The study's findings reveal that one sub-criteria—Safety Fence from the Amenities parameter with a value of V = 0.7—is invali

The Experimental Study of the Effect of Cooling Pad Surface Shape on Passive Cooling Performance

Climate change causes the air conditions inside buildings to increase in temperature. This causes the demand for cooling processes to increase every year. The use of cooling equipment currently requires quite a lot of electricity costs and produces CO2 emissions. The experimental study of the effect of cooling pad surface shape on passive cooling performance to produce a cooling device that is economical and environmentally friendly. The variations of the cooling pad surface were sinusoidal wave and triangular wave. The method was experiments carried out in the laboratory to control environmental conditions. The test results showed that the sinusoidal wave variation had a temperature drop of 1.1 °C lower than the triangular wave. The sinusoidal wave variation has 5%  lower relative air humidity than triangular wave variation but air humidity for both variations had increased. Meanwhile, the use of silica sand could not reduce air humidity, it was because of the sum of sand that was used.Climate change causes the air conditions inside buildings to increase in temperature. This causes the demand for cooling processes to increase every year. The use of cooling equipment currently requires quite a lot of electricity costs and produces CO2 emissions. The experimental study of the effect of cooling pad surface shape on passive cooling performance to produce a cooling device that is economical and environmentally friendly. The variations of the cooling pad surface were sinusoidal wave and triangular wave. The method was experiments carried out in the laboratory to control environmental conditions. The test results showed that the sinusoidal wave variation had a temperature drop of 1.1 °C lower than the triangular wave. The sinusoidal wave variation has 5%  lower relative air humidity than triangular wave variation but air humidity for both variations had increased. Meanwhile, the use of silica sand could not reduce air humidity, it was because of the sum of sand that was used

Design of an IoT-Based Automatic Switching and Monitoring System for Hybrid Power Plants

Hybrid power generation, a power plant that combines two or more plants, continues to grow along with technological advances. The performance of these power plants relies heavily on effective switching and monitoring systems. Monitoring data is critical in maintenance scheduling, preventive intervention, and the timely identification and assessment of environmental changes. One of the switching and monitoring technologies integrated with the Internet is the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This study introduces a system design capable of wirelessly performing switching operations and transmitting real-time data to a hybrid power plant monitoring system through an application. Test results demonstrate that the system successfully executes automatic switching between the hybrid power plant and the PLN electricity grid based on accumulator voltage thresholds. The monitoring data analysis reveals MAPE values of 2.959% and 3.577% for the voltage and current of the hybrid power plant, and a MAPE of 1% for the accumulator voltage. The voltage and load current readings also exhibit MAPEs of 0.604% and 8.625%. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that this device shows the ability of the system to automate the switching of resources to the load and monitor the hybrid power plant very well, with the smallest MAPE value achieved of 0.604%.Hybrid power generation, a power plant that combines two or more plants, continues to grow along with technological advances. The performance of these power plants relies heavily on effective switching and monitoring systems. Monitoring data is critical in maintenance scheduling, preventive intervention, and the timely identification and assessment of environmental changes. One of the switching and monitoring technologies integrated with the Internet is the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This study introduces a system design capable of wirelessly performing switching operations and transmitting real-time data to a hybrid power plant monitoring system through an application. Test results demonstrate that the system successfully executes automatic switching between the hybrid power plant and the PLN electricity grid based on accumulator voltage thresholds. The monitoring data analysis reveals MAPE values of 2.959% and 3.577% for the voltage and current of the hybrid power plant, and a MAPE of 1% for the accumulator voltage. The voltage and load current readings also exhibit MAPEs of 0.604% and 8.625%. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that this device shows the ability of the system to automate the switching of resources to the load and monitor the hybrid power plant very well, with the smallest MAPE value achieved of 0.604%

The Relevance of the Merdeka Curriculum Vocational School to the Competency Needs in the Construction Field in the Industry

The issue of curriculum relevance in vocational education is a crucial issue of all time. The relevance of the curriculum has two blades, whether it will be the biggest strength or even the biggest weakness in vocational education. Relevance will link the existing employment potential and the graduate's ability to fulfill the job requirements. This research aims to determine the relevance of the independent vocational school learning curriculum, especially in the field of construction, with the competencies needed in the world of work. This research uses a qualitative approach with participants being teachers in the field of study, especially construction and leaders/heads/managers in companies. Data collection was carried out through a Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The questions in the FGD consisted of open-ended questions to find out participants' answers in detail. The research results show that there is relevance between the Merdeka Curriculum and the needs of industry, especially in the building construction sector. Vocational school graduates generally have opportunities in small-scale construction industry services and efforts to increase relevance between schools and industry are to increase cooperation and increase teacher competence.The issue of curriculum relevance in vocational education is a crucial issue of all time. The relevance of the curriculum has two blades, whether it will be the biggest strength or even the biggest weakness in vocational education. Relevance will link the existing employment potential and the graduate's ability to fulfill the job requirements. This research aims to determine the relevance of the independent vocational school learning curriculum, especially in the field of construction, with the competencies needed in the world of work. This research uses a qualitative approach with participants being teachers in the field of study, especially construction and leaders/heads/managers in companies. Data collection was carried out through a Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The questions in the FGD consisted of open-ended questions to find out participants' answers in detail. The research results show that there is relevance between the Merdeka Curriculum and the needs of industry, especially in the building construction sector. Vocational school graduates generally have opportunities in small-scale construction industry services and efforts to increase relevance between schools and industry are to increase cooperation and increase teacher competence

Enhancing Vocational Students' Critical Thinking Skills in Society 5.0 with Flipbook and Augmented Reality Learning Media

The era of Society 5.0 demands that human resources possess critical thinking skills in response to rapid changes in the field of education, with Vocational High Schools (VHS) playing a central role in shaping students to be critical and creative. To achieve optimal results, further breakthroughs in the use of educational technology are needed, such as the implementation of Augmented Reality (AR)-based flipbooks in the vocational school environment. This study aims to evaluate the level of critical thinking skills among vocational school students. The method used in this study is a quasi-experimental design with descriptive quantitative data analysis. This research was conducted with 64 tenth-grade students at a vocational school in Bandung. The instruments used to obtain data included critical thinking skills tests. The data analysis technique used was descriptive quantitative analysis to evaluate the improvement of students' understanding and critical thinking skills. The research data was tested using normality test, homogeneity test, independent test, and N-Gain. Research data indicates that the use of AR-based flipbooks significantly enhances student comprehension, with an N-gain value of 0.6 observed in the experimental class. Consequently, it can be concluded that the implementation of AR-based flipbooks effectively improves students' critical thinking abilities in VHS, offering substantial promise for developing more interactive and efficient learning technologies for future education.The era of Society 5.0 demands that human resources possess critical thinking skills in response to rapid changes in the field of education, with Vocational High Schools (VHS) playing a central role in shaping students to be critical and creative. To achieve optimal results, further breakthroughs in the use of educational technology are needed, such as the implementation of Augmented Reality (AR)-based flipbooks in the vocational school environment. This study aims to evaluate the level of critical thinking skills among vocational school students. The method used in this study is a quasi-experimental design with descriptive quantitative data analysis. This research was conducted with 64 tenth-grade students at a vocational school in Bandung. The instruments used to obtain data included critical thinking skills tests. The data analysis technique used was descriptive quantitative analysis to evaluate the improvement of students' understanding and critical thinking skills. The research data was tested using normality test, homogeneity test, independent test, and N-Gain. Research data indicates that the use of AR-based flipbooks significantly enhances student comprehension, with an N-gain value of 0.6 observed in the experimental class. Consequently, it can be concluded that the implementation of AR-based flipbooks effectively improves students' critical thinking abilities in VHS, offering substantial promise for developing more interactive and efficient learning technologies for future education

Secure Communication ECC-Based between IoT Device and Server

The rapid development of the IoT (Internet of Things) demands speed and security of communication between connected entities via the Internet. A suitable communication protocol for this communication in terms of speed optimization is MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). However, it has security limitations that make it vulnerable to third-party attacks. This research proposes an IoT communication system and server using the MQTT protocol and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithms to secure communications. ECC efficiently uses computing resources and has a short key size compared to Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA), so it is suitable for mutual authentication. In addition, data encryption uses the 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which has good security and computing efficiency. The study included testing the mutual authentication speed of ECC and RSA across different key sizes, demonstrating that ECC consistently outperformed RSA in execution time. This study also compared the speed of mutual authentication between ECC and RSA with key sizes of 256 and 3072 bits, respectively; ECC achieved an average speed of 117.33 ms, whereas RSA took 241.92 ms. Furthermore, this study was also tested for the level of security using ECC as a cryptographic algorithm. The system is tested for security by performing sniffing attacks, brute force attacks, replay attacks, and fingerprint matching accuracy by measuring the False Rejection Rate (FRR) and False Acceptance Rate (FAR). The most suitable threshold value is between 30 and 40 within an Equal Error Rate (ERR) between 20% and 30%. The overall testing results show that the system is time-efficient and resilient to attacks.The rapid development of the IoT (Internet of Things) demands speed and security of communication between connected entities via the Internet. A suitable communication protocol for this communication in terms of speed optimization is MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). However, it has security limitations that make it vulnerable to third-party attacks. This research proposes an IoT communication system and server using the MQTT protocol and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithms to secure communications. ECC efficiently uses computing resources and has a short key size compared to Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA), so it is suitable for mutual authentication. In addition, data encryption uses the 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which has good security and computing efficiency. The study included testing the mutual authentication speed of ECC and RSA across different key sizes, demonstrating that ECC consistently outperformed RSA in execution time. This study also compared the speed of mutual authentication between ECC and RSA with key sizes of 256 and 3072 bits, respectively; ECC achieved an average speed of 117.33 ms, whereas RSA took 241.92 ms. Furthermore, this study was also tested for the level of security using ECC as a cryptographic algorithm. The system is tested for security by performing sniffing attacks, brute force attacks, replay attacks, and fingerprint matching accuracy by measuring the False Rejection Rate (FRR) and False Acceptance Rate (FAR). The most suitable threshold value is between 30 and 40 within an Equal Error Rate (ERR) between 20% and 30%. The overall testing results show that the system is time-efficient and resilient to attacks

Development of Foundation Engineering E-Module in Building Engineering Education Study Program, State University of Jakarta

In the period of the fourth industrial revolution, technology plays an essential role in learning. Educators are working to improve the quality of learning by producing creative and exciting technology-based teaching materials that raise students' interest and ease of learning. One instance of technology being utilized in education is e-modules. The aim of this research is to develop e-module teaching materials for foundation engineering courses. Research and development model from Thiagarajan or 4D is used in this research. The four stages that were employed in this research are define, design, develop, and disseminate. This research sample consists of media expert validators, material expert validators and user evaluations. Validation findings from material specialists received an average evaluation percentage of 86%, while validation results from media experts obtained an average assessment percentage of 81%. This demonstrates that the development of e-module-based teaching materials for foundation engineering very suitable for use. Meanwhile, user evaluations on the creating of e-module-based foundation engineering teaching materials were deemed extremely acceptable for usage (average 89.3%). Based on the results of limited trials conducted on Building Engineering Education Students, it shows that the learning results of students have increased by 16.6% through a mean score of 70 on the pretest and 82 on the posttest.In the period of the fourth industrial revolution, technology plays an essential role in learning. Educators are working to improve the quality of learning by producing creative and exciting technology-based teaching materials that raise students' interest and ease of learning. One instance of technology being utilized in education is e-modules. The aim of this research is to develop e-module teaching materials for foundation engineering courses. Research and development model from Thiagarajan or 4D is used in this research. The four stages that were employed in this research are define, design, develop, and disseminate. This research sample consists of media expert validators, material expert validators and user evaluations. Validation findings from material specialists received an average evaluation percentage of 86%, while validation results from media experts obtained an average assessment percentage of 81%. This demonstrates that the development of e-module-based teaching materials for foundation engineering very suitable for use. Meanwhile, user evaluations on the creating of e-module-based foundation engineering teaching materials were deemed extremely acceptable for usage (average 89.3%). Based on the results of limited trials conducted on Building Engineering Education Students, it shows that the learning results of students have increased by 16.6% through a mean score of 70 on the pretest and 82 on the posttest

Modeling of Fault Alarm Monitoring System on IoT-Based Control Panel Alarm Annunciator

The existence of substation operators is essential for monitoring substation equipment and operating control rooms. In addition, substation operators also have other tasks, such as inspecting substation equipment in the switchyard or in-service inspection (Level 1 inspection). This condition is less than ideal because the operator cannot monitor the control room continuously while in the switchyard. The control panel at the substation is equipped with an alarm annunciator, which is auxiliary equipment that serves to provide warning signs to the operator regarding which protection functions are working. Therefore, it is necessary to have a monitoring system that can provide real-time information about the condition of the control panel alarm annunciator. This research models a fault alarm monitoring system that can provide notification messages according to the type of fault automatically through the Telegram application. The system test results show the average value of 100 test data on the five types of fault, resulting in an accuracy rate of 100%, a precision rate of 100%, a recall rate of 100%, an error rate of 0%, and an F1-score rate of 100%. This is because all test data on the five types of fault were detected correctly, and no test data from other types of fault was detected as the five types of fault. Based on these averages, it can be concluded that using a confusion matrix to measure the performance of the fault alarm monitoring system on the IoT-based control panel annunciator alarm shows excellent system performance results.The existence of substation operators is essential for monitoring substation equipment and operating control rooms. In addition, substation operators also have other tasks, such as inspecting substation equipment in the switchyard or in-service inspection (Level 1 inspection). This condition is less than ideal because the operator cannot monitor the control room continuously while in the switchyard. The control panel at the substation is equipped with an alarm annunciator, which is auxiliary equipment that serves to provide warning signs to the operator regarding which protection functions are working. Therefore, it is necessary to have a monitoring system that can provide real-time information about the condition of the control panel alarm annunciator. This research models a fault alarm monitoring system that can provide notification messages according to the type of fault automatically through the Telegram application. The system test results show the average value of 100 test data on the five types of fault, resulting in an accuracy rate of 100%, a precision rate of 100%, a recall rate of 100%, an error rate of 0%, and an F1-score rate of 100%. This is because all test data on the five types of fault were detected correctly, and no test data from other types of fault was detected as the five types of fault. Based on these averages, it can be concluded that using a confusion matrix to measure the performance of the fault alarm monitoring system on the IoT-based control panel annunciator alarm shows excellent system performance results

Implementation of Project Based Learning for Cognitive and Psychomotor Students in the Basic of Workshop Technology Course Welding Sub-competency in the Automotive Engineering Study Program

The higher education curriculum adopts project-based learning (PjBL) method that emphasizes the provision of knowledge with the problem solving in an organized work project within study group. This is such a solution for the problems of current conventional learning method implementation that made low enthusiasm and slow understanding student especially for Automotive Engineering student in having welding practice in The Basic Workshop Technology Course. By using experimental method in this research to compare conventional learning and PjBL method toward twenty Automotive Engineering students to evaluate cognitive and psychomotor aspect. On the steps, the lecturer starts with provides theoretical enrichment and end with welding practice. To find out the effect of implementing this project-based learning, lecturer divides the class in two study groups by differentiating learning methods, namely the group with conventional learning and the group with PjBL learning. Comparison is made between conventional learning and PjBL learning with projects processed by statistical interpretation. The results of the study showed that there was a significant effect on the results of the psychomotor evaluation of students, but not too significant for the cognitive evaluation results. Based on this research, there is a prove that PjBL is good enough to increase student’s abilities in welding practice as psychomotor representation increment. The higher education curriculum adopts project-based learning (PjBL) method that emphasizes the provision of knowledge with the problem solving in an organized work project within study group. This is such a solution for the problems of current conventional learning method implementation that made low enthusiasm and slow understanding student especially for Automotive Engineering student in having welding practice in The Basic Workshop Technology Course. By using experimental method in this research to compare conventional learning and PjBL method toward twenty Automotive Engineering students to evaluate cognitive and psychomotor aspect. On the steps, the lecturer starts with provides theoretical enrichment and end with welding practice. To find out the effect of implementing this project-based learning, lecturer divides the class in two study groups by differentiating learning methods, namely the group with conventional learning and the group with PjBL learning. Comparison is made between conventional learning and PjBL learning with projects processed by statistical interpretation. The results of the study showed that there was a significant effect on the results of the psychomotor evaluation of students, but not too significant for the cognitive evaluation results. Based on this research, there is a prove that PjBL is good enough to increase student’s abilities in welding practice as psychomotor representation increment.&nbsp

Analyzing the Validity of Project-Based Learning Implementation Plans in Light Vehicle maintenance: A Comprehensive Study

Implementation of the developed Learning Implementation Plan (LIP) will result in the risk of learning not being in line with expectations if the validity of the product is not guaranteed. Thus, this research aims to investigate the validity of developing project-based lesson plans to improve effective learning outcomes. This research is research and development with a quantitative approach using the ADDIE model procedure. To obtain product validity results, the stages used are only in the development phase. The subjects in this research were 2 expert lecturers and 3 productive teachers with expertise in light vehicle engineering, and the instrument used was a feasibility questionnaire. The findings were that the project-based LIP that was developed had an average score of 88.7% in the valid category. This study concludes that it has succeeded in developing a product in the form of a valid and usable project-based lesson plan. Carrying out learning using lesson plans that are integrated with project-based learning can be an alternative to providing more meaningful learning and have a positive impact on student development.Implementation of the developed Learning Implementation Plan (LIP) will result in the risk of learning not being in line with expectations if the validity of the product is not guaranteed. Thus, this research aims to investigate the validity of developing project-based lesson plans to improve effective learning outcomes. This research is research and development with a quantitative approach using the ADDIE model procedure. To obtain product validity results, the stages used are only in the development phase. The subjects in this research were 2 expert lecturers and 3 productive teachers with expertise in light vehicle engineering, and the instrument used was a feasibility questionnaire. The findings were that the project-based LIP that was developed had an average score of 88.7% in the valid category. This study concludes that it has succeeded in developing a product in the form of a valid and usable project-based lesson plan. Carrying out learning using lesson plans that are integrated with project-based learning can be an alternative to providing more meaningful learning and have a positive impact on student development