Food Safety Regulation and Standards for Food Processing and Incubation centres

Food standards, legislation, and regulations have tremendous effect on food safety and quality around the world. The safety of food is fundamental to all consumers. They must have confidence that the food they buy and eat is as expected, safe, and that they are protected by fraud (Food Standards Agency, 2009). Globally, food and health agencies have been looking into this matter very seriously and have developed various legislations as guidance to both food businesses and consumers. It is essential for all food manufacturers and food establishments to adhere to these standards

Microplastics in Food Environment: Sources, Consequences and Control Strategies: Chapter 12

Increasing accumulation of microplastics in the environment and food are of significant concern. It is unavoidable for people to consume tainted food that contains MPs, which is dangerous for both food security and people’s health. This situation creates the need to focus on monitoring and eradicating MPs across the food supply chain. MPs can move across the food chain by trophic transfer, thus leading to bioaccumulation of contaminants. MPs occur in feed, raw food and in processed foods. MPs exist in various types, size and shape which affects their absorption and degree of hazard.  This review highlights the existence of MPs in food and explain its implications to food security and potential risks to human health

A Review on Valorisation of Food Scraps and Derivatives: Chapter 6

Agricultural food waste such as fruit and vegetable scraps are a significant resource for farmers who can use these wastes to grow new plant. The valorization process involves using these agricultural food waste to produce animal feed and then using the resulting animal feed to produce meat or milk. Currently, most of the agricultural food waste is used in the form of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas that cause global warming. The value-added products which are fine chemicals, nutraceuticals, antioxidants, bio-actives, biopolymers and many more are used to increase the value of a product. They help to reduce the cost of production and insure a high profit margin for companies. The average American throws away nearly two pounds of food per which add up to $2,275 worth of food that is wasted every year. It’s estimated that households in India waste 50 kilograms of food per person year or 68,760,163 tonnes a year. It is also estimated that the average Indian household throws away over$1,200 worth of food each year. There are several valorization methods which are sustainable and profitable to manage. The most common methods of valorization are pyrolysis, composting, landfilling, and gasification

Technologies Applied on Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables: Chapter 8

Among the horticulture crops, fruits and vegetables are the most commonly used commodity. Moreover, it is consumed in different forms, like raw or processed, due to its health- promoting factors and nutrition attributes. Further, due to the increase in population, demand for such commodities is also on the rise, leading to more significant production, resulting in wastage during processing that causes economic, nutritional and environmental problems. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reveals that 60% of the wastage is from fruits and vegetables, among all other food commodities. Furthermore, 25% to 30% of whole fruits or vegetables are processing waste. Fruits and vegetables are categorized under perishable and semi-perishable, where the utilization is limited unless processed. Moreover, some technologies play a significant role in valorizing fruits and vegetables with different processing techniques. The bioactive compounds and their nutritional benefits are made available by processing and preservation methods for utilization on extended shelf life. This chapter will briefly discuss thermal and non-thermal technologies with processing techniques that valorize fruits and vegetables

A Comprehensive Review of Different Nano – Biocomposite Materials Used in The Food Packaging Industry

Nanotechnology is the ability to manipulate materials at the nanoscale, which is approximately 1300nm in size. At this scale, particles have a significantly large surface area and display unique characteristics, including electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. As a valuable tool, nanotechnology has been employed in the food industry to enhance production processes and improve food quality. It is estimated that by 2023, approximately 1400 food and agricultural companies will actively engage in research related to nanotechnology. The impact of nanotechnology on the food industry is far-reaching and encompasses various aspects such as food processing, product formulations, food safety and biosecurity. One notable advancement is in the development of intelligent, active, and smart food packaging systems. With nanotechnology, food packaging can now possess sophisticated features that help monitor freshness levels, control microbial growth, and provide other benefits that extend shelf life. This revolutionizes conventional packaging methods by promoting optimal preservation of products while maintaining high standards of safety for consumers. In conclusion, nanotechnology continues to transform the way we produce and consume food through its innovative applications in the industry. Its potential for improving efficiency and enhancing food quality makes it an essential component for future advancements in the field of agriculture and nutrition

Poultry Waste Valorization and its Applications in Various Fields: Chapter 7

Poultry farming has witnessed substantial growth in recent decades due to the global demand for poultry products. This growth, however, has led to a pressing concern – the management of poultry waste. The intensive nature of modern poultry production systems has resulted in the generation of significant amounts of waste, posing environmental and public health challenges. Poultry waste consists of a diverse range of materials, including manure, feathers, bedding materials, and mortalities. Understanding its complex composition is crucial for effective waste management strategies. One promising avenue for valorising poultry waste is through circular economy approaches. Chicken bones, for instance, can be processed to recover valuable nutrients like phosphorus and calcium. Hydrothermal treatment has been identified as an efficient process to extract valuable byproducts from chicken bones, such as hydro-char and process water, which can be utilized for various purposes. This review focuses on poultry waste valorisation and their applications in various fields including agriculture, textile industry, aquaculture, food processing

Jamun Fruits as a Potential Natural Therapeutic Agent: An updated Review on its Health Benefits: Chapter 2

Tropical fruit Syzygium cumini, also referred to as jamun, is a native of the Indian subcontinent, is widely planted throughout numerous continents due to its extraordinary capacity to adapt to various climatic conditions. From India to Southeast Asia, where nations like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar are included, is where its native range is found with a long history of traditional medicinal use. Due to its adaptability and ability to survive in a variety of environments, jamun trees are a common fruit crop in Asia, Africa, and some regions of South America. In the summer, they produce dark-purple berries that are not only delicious but also nutrient-dense. Jamun offers a wide range of health advantages because of its abundance in antioxidants, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Because it improves insulin sensitivity and blood sugar regulation, research suggests it may be useful in the management of diabetes. Additionally, the abundance of antioxidants in jamun fights oxidative stress and inflammation, possibly lowering the risk of chronic illnesses. Its dietary fiber aids in weight control and supports digestive health. Jamun also has anti-viral, anti-microbial, and even potential anti-cancer capabilities. It may also strengthen the immune system, promote cardiovascular health, and support cardiovascular health. Although jamun has many health benefits, it should be used in moderation as part of a balanced diet, taking into account individual variances and any sensitivities. Overall, the widespread use, adaptability, and exceptional health benefits of jamun highlight its value as a fruit with a significant capacity to improve people’s well-being

Anthropometry Measurement of Tribal Children (Kurmi-Santal) Aged from 4- 12 Years on their Nutrition in Ranibandh Block of West Bengal, India: Chapter 11

In Developing country, many tribal children are facing malnutrition issues in remote area of Ranibandh block of Bankura district in West Bengal which severely affects the health of children. This cross-sectional survey, the study of aims is to know the various factors and status of nutritional in different aged group 4 to 12 years of tribal children The cross-sectional study of total 351 children’s (190 boys & 161 girls) is assessedin Ranibandh block during April, 2021- September,2022. To ensure better understanding of nutrition status, there are some strategies which is followed for analysis, such as, Interview method with questionnaire, Anthropometrics measurement of children is measured with standard procedure and analyzed parameters were weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and body mass index (BMI) against age for children and also find out their stunting, wasting and underweight. There were Z-scores <-2.0 SD reference to WHO standards. There was a significance statistical value 0.05. Total prevalence in underweight, stunting, wasting was 60.12%, 59.28%, & 47.67%, respectively. Tribal children were suffering from severe underweight, acute nutritional stress and References to WHO classification, malnutrition, underweight and wasting was very high severe. There are found that tribal children nutritional status is weak than the general children according to their height, weight, BMI and under nutrition. It resulted that tribal children are facing a number of nutrient deficiencies with standardized RDA. There is importance for nutritional upliftment of community in long run and also need nutritional garden which helped accessibility and food security of tribal community and also need to govt. approved nutritional funding polices

Response of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Seed Rates on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Irrigated Bread Wheat in the lowlands of Eastern and South Eastern of Oromia, Ethiopia

The main factors responsible for low yield are less or more plant population and inadequate crop nutrition. As the plant density increases, the competition for resources especially for nitrogen also increases that badly affects the ultimate yield. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at five multi-location of lowlands of Oromia in three zones, Bale (Dalomena and Sawena), East Shewa (AdamiTulu and Lume), and East Hararghe (Bedeno) districts in 2020/2021 off-season to investigate the response of nitrogen and seeding rates on the growth, yield and yield components of bread wheat variety under irrigation. The treatments consisted of five rates of nitrogen 0, 23, 46, 69, 92 kg ha-1 and three seed rates (125, 150 and 175 kg/ha) of Kakaba variety. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement and replicated three times. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences in the parameters studied. The results of this study revealed that the soil was improved in little beat in PH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus. The combined effects of nitrogen and seed rates significantly influenced the irrigated bread wheat growth parameters. However, nitrogen had more profound effects in enhancing the growth response of the crop than seeding rates. The combined mean effect of the nitrogen and seed rates was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, seed per spike, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index, whereas, significantly not influenced total tiller per plant, effective tiller per plant and thousand grain weight. The results showed that the maximum grain yield and harvest index were recorded at a seeding rate of 150 kg ha-1 with nitrogen rates of 92 N ha-1 and also at 125 kg ha-1 and 69kg N ha-1. Biological yield recorded at a seeding rate of 175 kg/ha with nitrogen rates of 69 kg N ha-1. The economic analysis also revealed that for a treatment to be considered worthwhile to farmers (100% marginal rate of return), application of 69 kg N ha-1 with 125 kg seed rate N are profitable and recommended for farmers in the study area and similar agro-ecologies

Response Influence of Sowing Dates Impact Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Infestation in Cucumber Crops (Cucumis sativus L.)

The experiment conducted in a private cucumber field, Ibshway Center, Fayoum governorate, Egypt aimed to assess the influence of sowing dates on the infestation of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) in cucumber crops (Cucumis sativus L.). The study was carried out over two consecutive years, namely 2018 and 2019. During this period involved three planting dates were considered, namely March, August, and October. Weekly B. tabaci counts were recorded and compared across the different planting dates. According to the results, B. tabaci reached the highest peak of abundance in March sowing date in the second week of May 2018 and in the fourth week of April 2019 and presented by 825 and 1086 individuals/sample, respectively. While, in August sowing date, B. tabaci recorded the highest peak of abundance in the second week of October 2018 and in the third week of October 2019 and presented by 1432 and 1656 individuals/sample, respectively. August sowing date recorded the highest percentage of B. tabaci dominance during the two years 2018 and 2019 and presented by 50.6 and 48.9%, respectively. March sowing date recorded the lowest percentage of B. tabaci dominance during the two years 2018 and 2019 and presented by 23.7 and 25.3%, respectively