A Simple Method to Estimate Coil Temperature With Local Normal-State Region

This paper proposes a simple analytical expression to estimate the temperature of no-insulation (NI) high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils when a local normal zone appears. The combination of the NI winding technology and HTS, especially rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO), enables high-field generation with high thermal stability. Since the advent of the NI winding technology, a few simulation techniques have been improved: the finite element method (FEM) and the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) are well-established as of today. The PEEC method can simulate the coil behaviors relatively fast compared with the FEM simulation due to the number of elements. However, the computation time is still long, particularly when a normal-state transition is simulated coupled with thermal analysis due to the extreme non-linearity of the superconductors. Therefore, we have previously proposed a simple and versatile analytical expression to estimate NI HTS coil temperatures in the cases of ramping down with an arbitrary speed and sudden discharging. Compared with PEEC simulations, the analytical formulae were validated in both cases under the assumption that the NI HTS coil is perfectly superconducting. In this paper, taking further realistic considerations into account, an NI HTS coil with a few normal-state turns is modeled, and its temperature is also formulated. The calculation results are validated with the PEEC model, and the accuracy and usable range of the proposed method is also discussed

Impact of correlation structure on sample size requirements of statistical methods for multiple binary outcomes : a simulation study

Background In randomized clinical trials, multiple-testing procedures, composite endpoints, and prioritized outcome approaches are increasingly used to analyze multiple binary outcomes. Previous studies have shown that correlations between outcomes influence their sample size requirements. Although sample size is an important factor affecting the choice of statistical methods, the power and required sample sizes of methods for analyzing multiple binary outcomes have yet to be compared under the influence of outcome correlations. Methods We conducted simulations to evaluate the power of co-primary and multiple primary endpoints, composite endpoints, and prioritized outcome approaches based on generalized pairwise comparisons with varying correlations, marginal proportions, treatment effects, and number of outcomes. We then conducted a case study on sample size using a clinical trial of a migraine treatment as an example. Results The correlations significantly affected the statistical power and sample size of composite endpoints. The power and sample size of co-primary endpoints remained relatively stable across different correlations, though their power declined substantially when treatment effects were opposite on some components or more than two components were present. While the correlations influenced the power and sample size of all methods assessed, their direction and degree of influence varied between methods. Notably, the method with the greatest power and smallest sample size also differed depending on the correlations. When the correlations were the same between arms, prioritized outcome approaches usually had higher power and smaller sample sizes than other methods. Conclusions Anticipated correlations and their uncertainty should be considered when selecting statistical methods. Overall, co-primary endpoints remain a reliable option for evaluating the superiority of all components, although they are unsuitable for assessing the balance between treatment effects pointing in different directions. Generalized pairwise comparisons offer a useful alternative to deal with multiple prioritized outcomes, often providing the smallest sample sizes when the correlation structures are shared between the arms

Examining the loss of Ainu salmon fishing grounds along the Ishikari River during the rule of Imperial Japan : Focusing on business failure triggered by the implementation of large-scale fishing nets under the leadership of Kuroda Kiyotaka

近代以降の帝国日本による統治下で、アイヌは近世まで生業の基幹としてきた河川流域の鮭漁場を次々と喪失していった。この事実そのものはよく知られており、資源保護を名目とした漁法の制限や禁漁区設定の経緯、その影響を強く受ける地域に住んだアイヌが直面した状況に関しては比較的厚い研究の蓄積がある。一方で、禁漁区とならなかった河川の本流で制限の対象外とされていた曳網漁に参画していたアイヌの状況については、なお検討の余地が大きく残されている。本稿ではこの問題について、石狩川河口域の事例を対象として取り上げ検討をおこなった。その結果、近世末～近代初頭の時点で、石狩川河口域にはアイヌが使用する鮭漁場が6～7箇所存在したが、1873（明治6）年にはヤウシバ漁場・シビシビウス漁場・トウヤウス漁場の3箇所にまで減少しており、1876（明治9）年には対雁に移住させた樺太アイヌの活計を名目として、シビシビウス漁場の全てとトウヤウス漁場の半分が開拓使によって取り上げられるという変遷を辿ったことを確認した。加えて、1878（明治11）年には開拓使長官黒田清隆により、ヤウシバ漁場で操業するアイヌに大網を導入させる決定が下されたものの、過大な設備投資を回収できずに操業開始から僅か3年で経営が破綻する事態を招き、アイヌには巨額の負債が残されたことを実証した。こうした事態に対し、アイヌは負債の更なる拡大を防ぐために大網を廃し小網による操業に復することを訴え出て実現したうえで、札幌県に対しシビシビウス漁場の返還を求める動きを見せたこと、また周辺で農地の確保を試みるなど新たな活計の道を模索していったことを指摘した。Entering the modern period, under the rule of Imperial Japan, the Ainu lost riverside salmon fishing grounds one after another. These fishing grounds had been a core livelihood for the Ainu since the pre-modern period. This fact itself is relatively well-known, and there has been considerable research on subjects including particulars of restrictions upon fishing methods in the name of conservation of resources, and the history of establishment of prohibited fishing areas, as well as the effects upon the Ainu living in regions heavily affected by such. However, there is scope for further consideration of the conditions for Ainu who legally carried out salmon fishery along rivers which had not been closed to fishing. This paper investigates this subject in respect of the Ishikari River estuary region. We find that from the end of the pre-modern period to the beginning of the modern period, six or seven fishing grounds used by the Ainu existed in the Ishikari River estuary region. However, in 1873 (Meiji year 6), only three fishing ground locations remained: Yaushiba, Shibishibiusu, and Touyausu. Further, we find that in 1876 (Meiji year 9), the Hokkaido Colonial Department seized the entirety of Shibishibiusu fishing ground and half of Touyausu fishing ground, as part of a plan to forcibly relocate Karafuto Ainu to Tsuishikari and provide these fishing grounds for use by the Karafuto Ainu. Further, we establish that in 1878 (Meiji year 11), Hokkaido Colonial Department Commissioner Kuroda Kiyotaka issued a decision to implement large fishing nets for the Ainu who operated Yaushiba fishing ground, however, the excessive capital investment could not be recovered, leading to business failure a mere three years from commencement, and leaving the Ainu with massive debt. Among my findings, I highlight that in response to this situation, to prevent further increase of debt, the Ainu appealed for abandonment of large fishing nets and restoration of private operation with small nets, advocating for the return of Shibishibiusu fishing ground from the Sapporo Prefecture, and also that the Ainu sought new ways of livelihood, for example, by attempting to secure nearby agricultural land

The Current Situation of Sámi Crafts Duodji : Focusing on the Cups made from Birch Burl

Duodjiは北方先住民サーミの工芸をあらわす言葉である。この言葉は西洋美術的なパラダイムとは異なるサーミ自身の立場からサーミの工芸を示した言葉であると同時にduodjiの作り手であるduodjár によって作られたモノ全般を指す言葉としても用いられている。サーミは主にノルウェー、スウェーデン、フィンランド、ロシアの4ヶ国にまたがって住む先住民族である。北サーミ語のduodjiという言葉は、20世紀の制度化を経験しながら西洋美術的な手工芸とは異なる独自の概念として積極的に利用されてきた。本稿ではduodjiと呼ばれる様々な工芸の中でも白樺のこぶから作るカップ、フィンランド語で「kuksa/ククサ」に着目し、フィンランドのイナリというサーミ地域での調査から工芸duodjiを取り巻く現状を提示する。人類学において、非西洋のモノあるいは先住民のアートの議論は「真正性」の議論とともに展開されてきた。本稿では、フィールドにおける人々の「真正性」の基準から、「ククサ」の素材に着目する。しかし調査から見えてきたものは、「ククサ」の「真正性」を担保するための白樺のこぶが現在のフィンランドの若い森では見つけにくいという現状であった。近代における人々の暮らしと自然の変化が、現代の「ククサ」の制作に結びついている。本稿ではフィンランドのイナリで「ククサ」が扱われている場を描写しながら、「ククサ」を取り巻く「真正性」とそれを支える「自然と文化」のネットワークを明らかにする。Duodji represents the craft of the indigenous Sámi people of the North. This term is used to describe Sámi crafts and handicrafts from their own perspective, which differs from the Western artistic paradigm, as also to refer to all items created by the duodjár, the artists creating Duodji. The Sámi are indigenous people residing across four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. The Northern Sámi term, duodji, has actively been used to denote a unique concept, distinct from Western artistic handicrafts that experienced institutionalization in the 20th century. Among the various crafts comprising duodji, this paper focuses on “kuksa”, a Finnish word that describes a cup made from birch burl. Moreover, this paper describes the current situation and issues regarding duodji, based on research conducted in the Sámi region of Inari, Finland. In Anthropology, discussions of non-Western objects or indigenous art have developed along with discussions of “authenticity”. This paper focuses on the material used to create “kuksa” as a criterion of “authenticity” in the field. However, what emerged from the research was the current situation wherein birch burls that guarantee the “authenticity” of “kuksa” are difficult to find in the young forests of Finland today, and changes in peopleʼs lives and nature in the modern era have also influenced the creation of “kuksa” today. This paper describes the place where “kuksa” is handled in Inari and reveals the “authenticity” surrounding it and the network of “nature and culture”

Recent Trends in Commodity Futures Studies

第1回研究会報告

"Narrative" in German Mysticism : Eckhart and Zen Buddhism from a social theoretical perspective

Der Zweck dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die einzigartige sprachliche Kommunikation in der deutschen Mystik und im Zen-Buddhismus aus der Perspektive von Luhmanns Systemtheorie zu untersuchen. Die deutsche Mystik war eine religiöse Philosophie, die sich im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert im Rheintal verbreitete und deren Vertreter Eckhart war. Sie strebten eine direkte Verbindung zwischen Gott und Mensch (unio mystica) an. Als Methode spielten dabei Schweigen einerseits und Reden andererseits eine voneinander abhängige Rolle. Durch seine Predigten versuchte Eckhart, gottgenerierende oder sich selbst erzeugende Worte wiederherzustellen. Dies bedeutet eine Wiederholung der „Schöpfungʠ Gottes durch Worte. Andererseits verwendet der Zen-Buddhismus auch die Sprache (das Reden) als zentrale Methode. Asketische Mönche meditieren schweigend beim Zazen und streben nach „Erleuchtungʠ. Sie kommunizieren aber auch verbal anhand der „Ko-ansʠ, die ihnen ihre Lehrer geben. In diesem Fall ging es um die Verleugnung und Überwindung der verbalen Kommunikation. Die Soziologen Niklas Luhmann und Peter Fuchs bieten in ihrer Studie „ Reden und Schweigenʠ eine eigene Interpretation dieser beiden religiösen Bestrebungen aus systemtheoretischer Sicht. Luhmann und Fuchs zeigen, dass sowohl die deutsche Mystik als auch der Zen-Buddhismus der Struktur selbstverleugnender, selbstreferenzieller Paradoxien folgen, die versuchen, das Wort Gottes in der Sprache der Systeme zu erläutern. Andererseits handelt es sich hierbei um eine re-entrystruktur (Wiedereintrittsstruktur) in der Systemtheorie und kann als negative Theologie in der Systemtheorie betrachtet werden. Die re-entry-struktur drückt die asymmetrische Beziehung zwischen dem System (dem Wort der Schöpfung) und der Umwelt (dem Wort Gottes) sowie das Verhältnis gegenseitiger Abhängigkeit aus. Auch die Beziehung „Reden und Schweigenʠ hat eine ähnliche Struktur. Dies deutet nicht nur auf die Grenzen der deutschen Mystik und des Zen-Buddhismus hin, sondern lässt sich auch als das Potenzial beider interpretieren, sich zu erneuern, zu verändern und zu regenerieren. Zumindest kann man es als ein solches Zeichen erkennen