Adams

Adler

Afsari

Anketell

Anna R O'Connor

Antona

Arnold

Arnoldi

Barry

Birch

Bohr

Bosten

Brooks

Buckley

Ciner

Costa

Cumming

De La Cruz

Donnelly

Drover

Fawcett

Foss

Fujikado

Garnham

Gnanaseelan

Godber

Grant

Hess

Howard

Huynh

Issaho

Ivers

Ives

Julesz

Kaye

Kitaoji

Knox

Laurence P Tidbury

Leske

Levi

Lord

Matsuo

McNeer

Melmoth

Mollenhauer

Nefs

Newsham

Nielsen

Nityananda

O'Connor

Phillips

Piano

Regan

Salt

Schmidt

Schmidt PP, Maguire MG, Moore B et al

Serrano-Pedraza

Shin

Simons

Simonsz

Simonz

Speeg-Schatz

Tarczy-Hornoch

Tidbury

Van Doorn

Vedamurthy

Vishwanath

Vision in Preschoolers Study Group

Watanabe

Weldon

Wong

Ying

Young

Zanoni

Zinn

The assessment of stereoacuity is an integral part of the ophthalmic assessment, with the responses used to inform clinical management decisions. Stereoacuity impacts on many aspects of life, but there are discrepancies reported where people without measurable stereoacuity report appreciating 3-D vision. This could be due, in part, to the presentation of the stimuli. A literature review was undertaken to evaluate current assessment techniques, how they relate to patient outcomes, identify the limitations of current tests and discuss how they could be improved. Recent evidence has been collated on currently available tests, used commonly within vision clinics, with normative data provided allowing responses to the tests to be interpreted. The relevance of the results is evaluated in relation to a range of outcomes, where a reduced level of stereopsis has a negative impact on the ability of an individual to perform many tasks, and can lead to an increase in difficulty interacting in the world. Current tests are limited in the aspects of stereoacuity they assess and their ability to precisely measure stereopsis. The world is not static, yet clinical tests are limited to measuring static stereoacuity, even though higher grades of depth perception can be identified in the presence of changing depth. Presentation methods of stereoacuity tests have remained similar over time, with a limited number of disparity levels assessed. New assessment methods are becoming available that include automated staircase testing to present multiple levels of disparity using digital technology. Current clinical tests are limited in their presentation, and are poor at detecting/measuring stereoacuity in those with limited stereopsis. Given the relevance of the stereoacuity measurement to management choices and functional outcomes, new testing methods would be beneficial to fully assess stereoacuity, both static and dynamic

Stereopsis: are we assessing it in enough depth?

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