Wailing : En studie om wailing och dess olika element

Wailing är en effekt, en teknik, som används för att förstärka en känsla genom en improviserad eller inövad melodi bestående av några få toner eller många toner, som varieras melodiskt och/eller rytmiskt. Syftet med arbetet är att få en ökad kunskap om vad wailing är och vilka tekniker som används genom att identifiera och definiera specifika element i wailing samt att analysera två sångerskors wailingsstil på en och samma låt. Studiens frågeställningar är: 1. Vad innebär wailing tekniskt och affektivt? 2. Hur wailar Christina Aguilera och Beyoncé? Forskningen utgår från en kvalitativ, hermeneutisk forskningsansats där egen tolkning och förförståelse för ämnet används och testas. Med hjälp av wailingexempel har jag analyserat wailingfraser ur låten At Last framförda av Christina Aguilera och Beyoncé. Dessa fraser konkretiseras i lättläsbar notskrift och ger en övergripande bild av hur wailar används i praktiken och hur de i teorin ser ut. Som analysinstrument till arbetet används de fyra wailexempel, som boken av Sjögren och Kullberg-Söderholm (2009) tar upp. Forskningens resultat visar att wailing kan göras på olika sätt, men grundar sig på fyra wailtekniker. Man kan välja mellan en stigande wail, fallande wail, bend och att snirkla kring en ton, men bortsett från dessa kan man även blanda ihop teknikerna med varandra. I studien förklaras allmänt om vad wailing är samt tas upp exempel på övningar, för att utveckla improvisationsförmågan hos en sångare.Wailing is a song effect, a technique, that is used to excentuate a feeling through an improvised melody or rehearsed melody consisting of a few tones or many tones, that's varied melodically and/or rhythmically. The aim of this thesis is to get a better understanding of what wailing is and what techniques are used by identifying and defining specific elements of wailing and to analyze two singers and their wailing styles. The key questions of study are: 1. What is wailing from a technical and an affective point of view? 2.How does Christina Aguilera and Beyoncé wail? The research approach is of a qualitative, hermeneutical kind, where my own interpretation and pre-understanding to the subject is used and tested. The wailing examples, that I’ve picked out from the book by Sjögren and Kullberg-Söderholm (2009), will become my analyze tools for this thesis. Via these examples I have been able to analyze wail phrases from the song At Last, performed by two different artists, Christina Aguilera and Beyoncé, and concretized that wailing consists of four different techniques. These phrases will give you a comprehensive view of how wails are used in practice and how they look like in theory. Results of the study show that wailing can be made in different ways, but it is based on four techniques. You can choose between a rising wail, descending wail, a bend and meander around a note, but aside from these, one can also blend these techniques together. The latest technique is the most common one and is used by singers in many songs. The study explains what wailing is and presents simple exercises to develop the ability to improvise of a singer.Wailaaminen on lauluefekti, tekniikka, jota käytetään jonkinlaisen tunteen vahvistamisessa, kun pelkkä laulu sinänsä ei riitä. Tämä tapahtuu improvisoidun melodian tai harjoitetun melodian kautta, jossa muutama tai useampi sävel vaihtelee melodisesti ja/tai rytmisesti. Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on saada lisää tietoa ja tietämystä siitä, mitä wailaaminen on ja mitä eri tekniikoita wailaamiseen käytetään. Tämän aion toteuttaa identifioimalla ja määrittelemällä tiettyjä wailaamisen elementtejä ja analysoimalla kahden eri artistin wailaustyylejä yhden kappaleen perusteella. Tutkimuksessani esitetyt kysymykset ovat: 1. Mitä wailaaminen on teknisestä- ja affektiivisesta näkökulmasta katsottuna? 2. Miten Christina Aguilera ja Beyoncé wailaavat? Tutkimus pohjautuu laadulliseen, hermeneuttiseen otteeseen, jossa omaa tulkintaa ja ennakkokäsitystä aiheesta käytetään ja testataan. Esimerkkilauseiden avulla olen analysoinut wailauslauseita kappaleesta At Last, jonka kaksi eri laulajaa, Christina Aguilera ja Beyoncé, esittävät. Nämä wailauslauseet konkretisoituvat helposti luettavan nuottikirjoituksen avulla ja antavat kattavan kuvan siitä, miten waileja käytännössä käytetään ja miltä ne teoriassa näyttävät. Analysointityökaluina tässä työssä toimivat ne wailausesimerkkilauseet, jotka olen poiminut kirjasta Sjögren ja Kullberg-Söderholm (2009). Näiden esimerkkilauseiden avulla olen todennut, että wailaaminen perustuu neljään tekniikkaan. Tulokset kertovat, että wailaus voidaan toteuttaa monin eri tavoin, mutta perustuu neljään eri tekniikaan: nousevaan-, laskevaan- ja taipuvaan wailiin sekä nuotin ympärillä mutkitteluun. Näitä tekniikoita voi keskenään sekoittaa, mikä myöskin on yleisin wailaustyyli. Tutkimuksessa selitetään yleisesti, mitä wailaaminen on ja mitä helppoja harjoituksia voidaan käyttää, jotta laulajan improvisaatio kyky kohenisi

Development of a web application based on MCDA and GIS for the decision support of river and floodplain rehabilitation projects

Rivers have been modified significantly during the last 200 years in Switzerland. These modifications were done for protection purposes (protection against floods), construction of hydropower plants, gain of land or other human activities. These artificial transformations have reduced, sometimes drastically, the natural dynamic of the rivers, which has reduced biodiversity, and has also increased the risk of flood. The awareness of the importance of river in a more natural state has conducted to a modification of the law on water protection in Switzerland (2011) and the rehabilitation of heavily affected rivers has now become a task that all cantons have to tackle. However the choice of which measures are the best to apply is not simple for decision makers who have to take into account multiple factors, but who are also confronted with different stakeholders who do not necessarily all share the same point of view (scientists, farmers, inhabitants, policy makers, ...) The present study has consisted of the development of a Web-GIS (geographic information systems) application to help decision makers in this task, by using the multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) method and by automating all the needed computations. Beside the MCDA computation, the production of maps is also a central functionality. To ensure the reliability of the result, a sensitivity analysis tool was added, which uses the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The application was developed using PHP, Javascript and Java, and by using open source libraries and softwares (for instance Geoserver, Geotools, MySQL,…). It was designed to let possible extensions be added easily, by using a modular approach to perform the different processes. The web application enables a fast and easy computation and enables each user to set his own preferences (including the weights of the different factors). A score for each alternative is given as result, as well as maps. The ease of sharing data and results is also a great advantage in projects such as river restorations, where multiple stakeholders' desires must be taken into account.Résumé Les rivières suisses ont été fortement modifiées durant les 200 dernières années. Ces modifications ont été faites pour diverses raisons, protection contre les crues, construction de centrales hydro-électriques, gain de terrain ou autres activités humaines. Ces transformations artificielles ont parfois réduit de manière drastique la dynamique naturelle des rivières, ce qui a fortement affecté la biodiversité, mais a également fait accroître le danger lors de crues. De nos jours la réhabilitation de rivières fortement modifiées est devenue une tâche à laquelle chaque canton doit s'atteler. Cependant le choix des mesures à prendre n'est pas aisé pour les décideurs, qui doivent prendre en compte de nombreux critères, mais sont également confrontés à divers groupes d'intérêt qui n'ont pas nécessairement le même point de vue (scientifiques, agriculteurs, habitants, politiciens, ...). La présente étude a consisté dans le développement d'une application web - sig (système d'information géographique) dans le but d'aider les décideurs dans cette tâche, en utilisant une méthode d'analyse multicritères d'aide à la décision (MCDA) et en automatisant tous les calculs nécessaires. A côté de l'analyse multicritères, la production et visualisation de cartes est aussi une fonctionnalité centrale. Pour s'assurer de la fiabilité des résultats, un outil d'analyse de sensibilité, utilisant une méthode de simulation (Monte Carlo), a été ajoutée. L'application a été développée en PHP, Java et Javascript, utilisant des outils open source (par exemple Geoserver, Geotools, MySQL, …) et laissant le champ ouvert à de possibles extensions par la modularisation des différents processus. L'application web permet une analyse multicritère simple et rapide, et permet à chaque utilisateur d'utiliser ses propres préférences dans le calcul (en donnant les poids de son choix aux différents critères). Un score pour chaque alternative est donné comme résultat, ainsi que des cartes. La facilité d'échange de données et de résultats qu'offre une application web, est aussi un grand avantage dans un projet tel que la restauration d'une rivière, où de multiple groupes d'intérêts doivent être pris en compte.Rivers have been modified significantly during the last 200 years in Switzerland. These modifications were done for protection purposes (protection against floods), construction of hydropower plants, gain of land or other human activities. These artificial transformations have reduced, sometimes drastically, the natural dynamic of the rivers, which has reduced biodiversity, and has also increased the risk of flood. The awareness of the importance of river in a more natural state has conducted to a modification of the law on water protection in Switzerland (2011) and the rehabilitation of heavily affected rivers has now become a task that all cantons have to tackle. However the choice of which measures are the best to apply is not simple for decision makers who have to take into account multiple factors, but who are also confronted with different stakeholders who do not necessarily all share the same point of view (scientists, farmers, inhabitants, policy makers, ...) The present study has consisted of the development of a Web-GIS (geographic information systems) application to help decision makers in this task, by using the multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) method and by automating all the needed computations. Beside the MCDA computation, the production of maps is also a central functionality. To ensure the reliability of the result, a sensitivity analysis tool was added, which uses the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The application was developed using open source libraries and softwares and was designed to let possible extensions be added easily, by using a modular approach to perform the different processes. The web application enables a fast and easy computation and enables each user to set his own preferences (including the weights of the different factors). A score for each alternative is given as result, as well as maps. The ease of sharing data and results is also a great advantage in projects such as river restorations, where multiple stakeholders' desires must be taken into account

\u3ci\u3eThe White Queen Soliloquy\u3c/i\u3e

A trumpet wakes her from her sleep. The long wailing notes disturb the heavy folds o f her bed curtain

Laurant Ropa and Paul Achard : second thoughts on colonial encroachments

Laurent Ropa’s The Song of the Noria (1932) and Paul Achard’s Man from the Sea (1931) are twin novels which deal with the Maltese community that settled in Algeria under French rule. Today, in hindsight, the reader realizes that the Arabs and Berbers, who in colonial literature are treated with paternalism, were later on in 1962 to ‘turn the tables on’ the European community. In this paper, I intend to dwell on a double insularity, that is, on islanders who in the long run turn out to belong to a besieged community.peer-reviewe

Vol. 52, No. 7, January 29, 2002

• K\u27s and MLK : Martin Luther King and Contract Law •The Wailing Wall •The Case for Tribunals •The Rant •Who Killed Buddy Clinton? •When Your Favorite Shows Suck •The Insider •Crossword •Moderately Priced Restaurants in Ann Arbo

Resisting the Tradition of Sexism

I stood there, or rather wobbled, standing on a plastic chair, peering over the division of a wall. Three feet away, I saw a boy reading from the Torah. There were men embracing, women cheering from across the wall, and rounds of applause on both sides. I stepped down from the chair and glanced at the sky. In my view, a large barrier towered over me, piercing the blue-- the Western Wall. My haze was then suddenly interrupted by a woman frantically mounting the chair I had previously been standing on. She was desperate to get a view of the boy on his Bar Mitzvah day. Frazzled, I redirected my focus to a new woman with dark hair. She looked as if she was trying to jump across the barrier that separated the men from the women. It was her son’s Bar Mitzvah day, and all she could do was watch from afar. All I could do was watch from afar because I am a woman

Vol. 52, No. 7, January 29, 2002

• K\u27s and MLK : Martin Luther King and Contract Law •The Wailing Wall •The Case for Tribunals •The Rant •Who Killed Buddy Clinton? •When Your Favorite Shows Suck •The Insider •Crossword •Moderately Priced Restaurants in Ann Arbo

The Rangatahi court

It has become popular to use the marae setting as an alternative to the mainstream courts in dealing with young Māori offenders. The rationale is that taking young Māori offenders back to the marae to be dealt with in the youth justice system, encourages them to face up to their responsibilities and aids their rehabilitation back into the community. The expectation is that whānau will be present to support the young person and to help resolve his or her offending and bad behaviour. I supported this innovation when it was introduced but now I have second thoughts having seen that a marae that piloted this scheme was vandalised with graffiti painted on the marae buildings. In my view, when this happened the scheme to use marae should have ceased and an opportunity taken to rethink their use in this way. For a Māori the vandalism of their marae is like a physical assault on the person of their tupuna. This paper looks at the traditional role of marae in the Māori community and questions the use of marae as judicial settings. It suggests what needs to be done first to make this setting tika or appropriate