81,119 research outputs found
Capitation
The European Central Bank has identified in the reference value of the monetary aggregate M3 the first pillar of its monetary policy.monetary aggregate euro
Optimization of constant power control of wind turbines to provide power reserves
In several countries, the wind power penetration increased tremendously in the last years. As the current wind turbines do not participate in frequency control nor reserve provision, this may compromise the proper functioning of the primary control and the provision of power reserves. If no actions are taken, increasing levels of wind penetration may result in serious problems concerning the stable operation of the power system. This paper focuses on the provision of power reserves by wind turbines. For this service, the constant power control strategy is chosen as control strategy, as it gives a constant power output and has the ability to provide power reserves. In this way, the wind turbine behaves more like a conventional power plant. The choice of the power reference value is crucial as it determines whether or not a stable operation of the wind turbine is possible and power reserves can be provided. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to obtain the range of possible reference values. By means of simulations, the optimal reference value to provide power reserves with a single wind turbine is obtained. Also, reserve provision in a wind farm is investigated. It is shown that the provision of power reserves with wind turbines using the constant power strategy is possible, especially in wind farms
Blood lead reference value : recommendation to LEPAC
blrv-workgroup-update-presentation-508.pdf20211076
Model uncertainty and reference value of the Planck constant
partially_open1noopenMana, G.Mana, Giovann
A Portofolio Balance Approach to Euro-Area Money Demand in a Time-Varying Environment
As part of its monetary policy strategy, the European Central Bank has formulated a reference value for M3 growth. A pre-requisite for the use of a reference value for M3 growth is the existence of a stable demand function for that aggregate. However, a large empirical literature has emerged showing that, beginning in 2001, essentially all euro area M3 demand functions have exhibited instability. This paper considers euroarea money demand in the context of the portfolio-balance framework. Our basic premise is that there is a stable demand-for-money function but that the models that have been used until now to estimate euro area money-demand are not well-specified because they do not include a measure of wealth. Using two empirical methodologies - - a co-integrated vector equilibrium correction (VEC) approach and a time-varying coefficient (TVC) approach - - we find that a demand-for-money function that includes wealth is stable. The upshot of our findings is that M3 behaviour continues to provide useful information about medium-term developments on inflation.Money demand; VEC, time varying coefficient estimation; Euro area
In-Silico Proportional-Integral Moment Control of Stochastic Gene Expression
The problem of controlling the mean and the variance of a species of interest
in a simple gene expression is addressed. It is shown that the protein mean
level can be globally and robustly tracked to any desired value using a simple
PI controller that satisfies certain sufficient conditions. Controlling both
the mean and variance however requires an additional control input, e.g. the
mRNA degradation rate, and local robust tracking of mean and variance is proved
to be achievable using multivariable PI control, provided that the reference
point satisfies necessary conditions imposed by the system. Even more
importantly, it is shown that there exist PI controllers that locally, robustly
and simultaneously stabilize all the equilibrium points inside the admissible
region. The results are then extended to the mean control of a gene expression
with protein dimerization. It is shown that the moment closure problem can be
circumvented without invoking any moment closure technique. Local stabilization
and convergence of the average dimer population to any desired reference value
is ensured using a pure integral control law. Explicit bounds on the controller
gain are provided and shown to be valid for any reference value. As a
byproduct, an explicit upper-bound of the variance of the monomer species,
acting on the system as unknown input due to the moment openness, is obtained.
The results are illustrated by simulation.Comment: 28 pages; 9 Figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with
arXiv:1207.4766, arXiv:1307.644
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