Penetuan kandungan unsue logam berat dalam air dan sedimen sungai Semarang dengan metoda "Analisis Pengaktifan Neutron"

Telah dilakukan penelitian until menentukan kaudungan unsur logam berat dalam air dan sedimen sungai Semarang dengan rnetoda Analisis Pengaktifan Neutron ( APN ). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa secara kualitatif, ternyata air dan sedimen mengandung logam-10..am Sm-153, Ce-141, Cr-51 dan Co-60 dan basil perhitungan secara kuantitatif dalam air yang mempunyai kadar tinggi di daerah Bandarharjo yaitu Sm-153 (3,028 ±0,096).104 ppm, Ce-141 (8,536 ±1,321).10-3 ppm dan Co-60 (3,039 ±-0,428).10-3 ppm. Simongan merupakan daerah yang mempunyai kadar rendah yaitu Sm¬153 (1,451 ±0,076).10-4 ppm, Ce-141 (2,433 ±0,281).10-5 ppm clan Co-60 (3,073± 0,018 ).104 ppm.Hasil perhitungan secara latantitatif dalarn sedimen meniperlihatkan logam yang mempunyai kadar tinggi di Simongan yaitu Sm-153 (6,090± 0,234 )ppm, Ce-141 (115,998±3,234)ppm, Cr-51 (17,928±3,436)pprn dan Co-60 (28,059± 2,345 )ppm. Tnah Dias rnempunyai kadar rendah, yaitu Sm -153 (4,357+0,204)p/3m, Ce-141 (48,177±12,152)ppm, Cr-51(41,073±9.836)ppm dan Co-60 (9,359±_0,209)ppm. Study on the heavy metal in waters and surficial sediments of Semarang river have been done by using Neutron Activation Analysis method (AAN ). Result show that factually waters and sediments contains metals Sm-153, Ce-141,Cr-51 dan Co-60 and the counting yield quantitatively from several elements in the higher concentrate contains heavy metals in Bandarharjo content was Sm-153 Sm-153 (3,028 ±0,096).104 ppm, Ce-141 (8,536 ±1,321).10-3 ppm dart Co-60 (3,039 ±0,428).10-3 ppm. The lower concentrate in Simongan was Sm-153 (1,451 ±0,076).104 ppm, Ce-141 (2,433 ±0,281).10-3 ppm dan Co-60 (3,073± 0,018 ).10-4 ppm. The counting yield quantitatively from several elements the higher concentrate in sediments contains heavy metals in Simongan was Sm-I53(6,090± 0,234 )ppm, Ce-141 (115,998±3,234)ppm, Cr¬51 (17,928±3,436)ppm dan Co-60 (28,059± 2,345 )ppm. The lower concentrate in Tanah Mas was Sat -153 (4,357±0,204)ppm, Ce-141 (48,177±12,I52)ppm, C:r-51(41,073±9,836)ppm dan Co-60 (9,359±0,209)pprn. vii

Developmental toxic effects of ethylbenzene or toluene alone and in combination with butyl acetate in rats after inhalation exposure

First, the developmental toxic potential of n-butyl acetate (BA) was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats following whole body inhalation exposure, 6 h day-1, from day 6 to 20 of gestation, at concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm. Maternal toxicity was evidenced by significant decreases in body weight gain at 2000 and 3000 ppm, and by reduced food consumption at 1000 ppm and higher concentrations. The effects on prenatal development were limited to a significant decrease in fetal weight at 3000 ppm. Thus, inhaled BA was not a selective developmental toxicant. In the second part of this study, the developmental toxic effects of simultaneous exposures to ethylbenzene (EB) and BA, or to toluene (TOL) and BA were evaluated. Pregnant rats were administered EB (0, 250 or 1000 ppm) and BA (0, 500 or 1500 ppm), or TOL (0, 500 or 1500 ppm) and BA (0, 500, 1500 ppm), separately and in combinations, using a 2 × 2 factorial design. The maternal weight gain was reduced after exposure to 1000 ppm EB, to 1500 ppm BA, or to 1500 ppm TOL, either alone or in binary combinations. A significant reduction of fetal weight was associated with exposure to 1000 ppm EB alone, to either mixtures of EB with BA, or to 1500 ppm TOL alone or combined with BA at either concentration. No embryolethal or teratogenic effects were observed whatever the exposure. There was no evidence of interaction between EB and BA or between TOL and BA in causing maternal or developmental effects. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Penggunaan Zeolit sebagai penukar katian untuk menurunkan kesadaran air

Aluminium dengan valensi tiga dalam posisi tetrahedral memerlukan adanya penambahan muatan positif seperti alkali dan alkali tanah dldalam kerangka zeolit untuk mempertahankan kenetralan muatan listriknya, ion '- ion tersebut dapat ditukarkan dengan ion-ion lain. Hal itulah yang menjadi dasar sifat penukar kation dari zeolit. Kation Ca2+ dan Mg2+ yang banyak terdapat dalam air sadah dapat menggantikan kation yang ada dalam zeolit. Telah diteliti penggunaan zeolit bayah sebagai penukar kation untuk menurunkan kesadahan air. Proses pertukaran kation ternyata dipengaruhi waktu kontak zeolit dan kation tertukar. Untuk sample dengan perbandingan konsentrasi Ca2+ Mg2+ (ppm) : 200 : 0 tertukar sebanyak 154,55 ppm. waktu kontak 90 menit. 150 : 50 tertukar sebanyak 129,51 ppm. waktu kontak 120 menit. 100 : 100 'tertukar sebanyak 112,76 ppm. waktu kontak 120 menit. 50 : 150 tertukar sebanyak 92,93 ppm. waktu kontak 120 menit. 0 :.200 tertukar sebanyak 80,66 ppm: waktu kontak 120 menit. Apabila dibandingkan dengan resin penukar kation, 200 ppm larutan Ca2+ tertukar sebanyak 192,73 ppm, jadi terdapat perbedaan sebanyak 38,18 ppm. The aluminium with three valences in tetrahedral position needed an positif charged addition such as alkaline and alkaline earth within zeolite framework to defent their electric charged neutralization. These ions can be changed with another cation. That case to be basic characteristic cation exchange of zeolite. Ca2+ and Mg2+ cation in hard water are able to exchange cation within zeolite framework. The use of Bayah zeolites have been examined as cation exchange to decrease the water hardness. Cation exchange processes were influenced by time contact of zeolite and cation changed. For sample in this examination with concentration composition utilize Ca2+ +: Mgt CppmD 200 : 0 changed as much as 154,55 'ppm. time contact 90 minutes*. 150 : 50 changed as much as 129,91 ppm. time contact 120 minutes. 100 : 100 changed as much as 112,76 ppm. time contact 120 minutes. -50 : 150 changed as much as 92,93 ppm. time contact 120 minutes. 0 : 200 changed as much as 80,66 ppm. time contact 120 minutes. If comparatived with cation exchange of resin, 200 ppm solution of Ca2+ changed as much as 102,73 ppm, so finable diffrence as much as 38,18 ppm

Comparative Antioxidant Activity on the Ficus Benjamina and Annona Reticulata Leaves

Antioxidants can prevent free radical formation. Natural antioxidants found in many plants, such as Ficus benjamina and Annona reticulata. The study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions of Ficus benjamina and Annona reticulata leaves against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl. The steps of this study consist of extraction, fractionation with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity determination, and comparing the IC50 values. Percentage scavenging activity of the extracts and fractions against DPPH was calculated to determine the antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of Ficus benjamina was 127.86 ppm for ethanolic extract, 94.01 ppm for water fraction, 115.48 ppm for ethyl acetate fraction, and 335.50 ppm for n-hexane fraction. The IC50 value of Annona reticulata was 274.31 ppm for ethanolic extract, 211.42 ppm for water fraction, 367.91 ppm for ethyl acetate fraction, and 741.08 ppm for n-hexane fraction. The results showed that the Ficus benjamina water fraction was the best antioxidant compared to other extract and fraction

Supplementation of Sapindus Rarak and Garlic Extract in Feed Containing Adequate Cr, Se, and Zn on Rumen Fermentation

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of Sapindus rarak extract (SRE) with or without garlic extract (GE) on in vitro ruminal fementation. This research was conducted experimentally with a randomized block design, with 7 treatments and 5 blocks. The treatments were: R0: dairy cow feed; R1: R0 + 1.5 ppm Cr + 0.3 ppm Se + 40 ppm Zn; R2: R1 + 1.8 g/kg methanol extract of lerak fruit meal (SRE); R3: R2 + 0.25 ppm of garlic extract (GE); R4: R2 + 0.50 ppm of GE; R5: R2 + 0.75 ppm of GE; R6: R2 +1.0 ppm of GE. The results showed that the supplementation of SRE alone or without GE did not affect the pH, however, it decreased crude fiber digestibility. The supplementations of SRE and GE, decreased crude fibre digestibility as much as 13.01% up to 16.6%. The supplementation of 1.8 g/kg SRE + 0.25 ppm GE in the dairy cattle diet was able to decrease ace-tate, protozoal population and increase propionate. The supplementation of 1.8 g/kg SRE and 0.25 ppm garlic represents the best combination for dairy cattle feed in improving ruminal fermentation based on feed digestibility, fermentation products, and rumen bacterial population

Effect of diazinon 60 EC on Anabas testudineus, Channa punctatus and Barbodes gonionotus

Anabas testudineus, Channa punctatus and Barbodes gonionotus were exposed to 5.62, 6.25, 6.87, 7.50, 8.12 and 8.75 ppm; 1.13, 2.26, 3.39, 4.52, 5.65 and 6.78 ppm; and 2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50, 4.00 and 4.50 ppm of Diazinon 60 EC, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values of Diazinon 60 EC on A. testudineus, C. punctatus and B. gonionotus were 6.55, 3.09 and 2.72 ppm for 96 hrs of exposure. The fish species showed several abnormal behaviors which included restlessness, arena movements, loss of equilibrium, increased opercular activities, strong spasm, paralysis and sudden quick movements during the exposure. For histopathological studies, A. testudineus, C. punctatus and B. gonionotus were exposed for 7 days to sublethal concentrations of 1.13 and 3.75 ppm; 1.13 and 2.26 ppm; and 1.13 and 2.26 ppm of Diazinon 60 EC, respectively. Hypertrophy, necrosis and pyknosis of hepatocytes, pyknosis and degenerative changes such as necrosis of tubular and haematopoietic cells of kidney were the major histopathological effects

Discriminating cool-water from warm-water carbonates and their diagenetic environments using element geochemistry: the Oligocene Tikorangi Formation (Taranaki Basin) and the dolomite effect

Fields portrayed within bivariate element plots have been used to distinguish between carbonates formed in warm- (tropical) water and cool- (temperate) water depositional settings. Here, element concentrations (Ca, Mg, Sr, Na, Fe, and Mn) have been determined for the carbonate fraction of bulk samples from the late Oligocene Tikorangi Formation, a subsurface, mixed dolomite-calcite, cool-water limestone sequence in Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. While the occurrence of dolomite is rare in New Zealand Cenozoic carbonates, and in cool-water carbonates more generally, the dolomite in the Tikorangi carbonates is shown to have a dramatic effect on the "traditional" positioning of cool-water limestone fields within bivariate element plots. Rare undolomitised, wholly calcitic carbonate samples in the Tikorangi Formation have the following average composition: Mg 2800 ppm; Ca 319 100 ppm; Na 800 ppm; Fe 6300 ppm; Sr 2400 ppm; and Mn 300 ppm. Tikorangi Formation dolomite-rich samples (>15% dolomite) have average values of: Mg 53 400 ppm; Ca 290 400 ppm; Na 4700 ppm; Fe 28 100 ppm; Sr 5400 ppm; and Mn 500 ppm. Element-element plots for dolomite-bearing samples show elevated Mg, Na, and Sr values compared with most other low-Mg calcite New Zealand Cenozoic limestones. The increased trace element contents are directly attributable to the trace element-enriched nature of the burial-derived dolomites, termed here the "dolomite effect". Fe levels in the Tikorangi Formation carbonates far exceed both modern and ancient cool-water and warm-water analogues, while Sr values are also higher than those in modern Tasmanian cool-water carbonates, and approach modern Bahaman warm-water carbonate values. Trace element data used in conjunction with more traditional petrographic data have aided in the diagenetic interpretation of the carbonate-dominated Tikorangi sequence. The geochemical results have been particularly useful for providing more definitive evidence for deep burial dolomitisation of the deposits under the influence of marine-modified pore fluids

Developmental toxicity of combined ethylbenzene and methylethylketone administered by inhalation to rats

Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to ethylbenzene (EB; 0, 250, or 1000 ppm) and methylethylketone (MEK; 0, 1000, or 3000 ppm), alone and in combination, by inhalation, for 6 h/day, during days 6–20 of gestation. Maternal toxicity, evidenced by decreased in body weight gain and food consumption, tended to be greater after simultaneous exposures to the high concentrations of 1000 ppm EB and 3000 ppm MEK, when compared to the treatments with individual compounds. No significant increase in embryo/fetal lethality or incidence of malformations and variations was observed in any of the treatment groups. Fetal body weight was significantly reduced after individual treatment with 1000 ppm EB or 3000 ppm MEK, and in the combined groups. There was no evidence of interaction between EB and MEK in causing developmental toxicity

Understanding women's performance of entrepreneurship in the Sri Lankan context

Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore how women in Sri Lanka cultivate entrepreneurial personae to navigate the various gendered roles they situationally enact, as they attempt to secure legitimacy and acceptance and overcome their otherness. Drawing on Goffman's theorisation of symbolic interaction, this study investigates how gender informs the performance of entrepreneurship in Sri Lanka. In this way, the study engages with the challenges women in the Global South navigate while undertaking entrepreneurship, and it contributes to the critical entrepreneurship literature on the intertwined nature of gender and entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach: Following feminist standpoint epistemology (FSE), this qualitative study focuses on women entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka by examining the performance of entrepreneurship through 44 life history interviews (LHIs) and 40 Field Observations conducted over a seven-month period. Findings: The findings reveal that women carefully cultivate entrepreneurial personae by striking a balance between entrepreneurial ideals and patriarchal social expectations around womanhood. The findings of the study present how the entrepreneurial personae are constructed by way of appearance, mannerism and setting, which presents opportunities for future research to explore the dramaturgical aspect of gender and entrepreneurship. Originality/value: This study contributes to the growing body of feminist research surrounding women entrepreneurs, by drawing on insights from the lived experiences of women entrepreneurs in the Global South. This study also expands Goffman's theorisation of audience segregation and shows that a subject's understanding of the audience shapes their personae. A further contribution of this research is how space becomes an extension of the personae at play