Multiple-locus heterozygosity, physiology and growth at two different stages in the life cycle of the Chilean oyster Ostrea chilensis

A random sample of 150 individuals of a laboratory-produced cohort of Ostrea chilensis Philippi, 1845 was taken at 10 and 36 mo of age to estimate physiological variables and individual heterozygosity using 4 loci (Lap, Pgi, Pgm and Ca). Juveniles of 10 mo of age showed a mean D value of 0.134 (p > 0.05) and a positive correlation between oyster size and multiple-locus heterozygosity (MLH) (p 0.05), oxygen consumption rate (p < 0.05) and MLH was found. The K2 value (standardized net growth efficiency) was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with MLH. At 36 mo a heterozygote deficiency was present with a mean value D = -0.431 (p < 0.05). No relationship between standard dry weight and MLH and also a negative correlation between the scope for growth and MLH were found. The oxygen consumption and excretion rates also showed an increase in large size individuals. The slopes for filtration and excretion rates against MLH were negative and not statistically significant. However, ingestion and absorption rates showed significant (p < 0.05) decrease with an increase in heterozygosity. The results seem to indicate that within sexually immature individuals of O. chilensis, a positive correlation between growth rate and MLH can be found, while in adults the higher energy allocation for reproduction precludes the detection of this relationship

Electronic Structure of Sodium Cobalt Oxide: Comparing Mono- and Bilayer-hydrate

To shed new light on the mechanism of superconductivity in sodium cobalt oxide bilayer-hydrate (BLH), we perform a density functional calculation with full structure optimization for BLH and its related nonsuperconducting phase, monolayer hydrate (MLH). We find that these hydrates have similar band structures, but a notable difference can be seen in the $a_{1g}$ band around the Fermi level. While its dispersion in the $z$ direction is negligibly small for BLH, it is of the order of 0.1 eV for MLH. This result implies that the three dimensional feature of the $a_{1g}$ band may be the origin for the absence of superconductivity in MLH.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.

Aqueous Solution Equilibria and Spectral Features of Copper Complexes with Tripeptides Containing Glycine or Sarcosine and Leucine or Phenylalanine

Copper(II) complexes of glycyl-L-leucyl-L-histidine (GLH), sarcosyl-L-leucyl-L-histidine (Sar-LH), glycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-histidine (GFH) and sarcosyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-histidine (Sar-FH) have potential anti-inflammatory activity, which can help to alleviate the symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). From pH 2&ndash;11, the MLH, ML, MLH-1 and MLH-2 species formed. The combination of species for each ligand was different, except at the physiological pH, where CuLH-2 predominated for all ligands. The prevalence of this species was supported by EPR, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry, which suggested a square planar CuN4 coordination. All ligands have the same basicity for the amine and imidazole-N, but the methyl group of sarcosine decreased the stability of MLH and MLH-2 by 0.1&ndash;0.34 and 0.46&ndash;0.48 log units, respectively. Phenylalanine increased the stability of MLH and MLH-2 by 0.05&ndash;0.29 and 1.19&ndash;1.21 log units, respectively. For all ligands, 1H NMR identified two coordination modes for MLH, where copper(II) coordinates via the amine-N and neighboring carbonyl-O, as well as via the imidazole-N and carboxyl-O. EPR spectroscopy identified the MLH, ML and MLH-2 species for Cu-Sar-LH and suggested a CuN2O2 chromophore for ML. DFT calculations with water as a solvent confirmed the proposed coordination modes of each species at the B3LYP level combined with 6-31++G**

Mixing layer height and its implications for air pollution over Beijing, China

The mixing layer is an important meteorological factor that affects air pollution. In this study, the atmospheric mixing layer height (MLH) was observed in Beijing from July 2009 to December 2012 using a ceilometer. By comparison with radiosonde data, we found that the ceilometer underestimates the MLH under conditions of neutral stratification caused by strong winds, whereas it overestimates the MLH when sand-dust is crossing. Using meteorological, PM$_{2.5}$, and PM$_{10}$ observational data, we screened the observed MLH automatically; the ceilometer observations were fairly consistent with the radiosondes, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9. Further analysis indicated that the MLH is low in autumn and winter and high in spring and summer in Beijing. There is a significant correlation between the sensible heat flux and MLH, and the diurnal cycle of the MLH in summer is also affected by the circulation of mountainous plain winds. Using visibility as an index to classify the degree of air pollution, we found that the variation in the sensible heat and buoyancy term in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is insignificant when visibility decreases from 10 to 5 km, but the reduction of shear term in TKE is near 70 %. When visibility decreases from 5 to 1 km, the variation of the shear term in TKE is insignificant, but the decrease in the sensible heat and buoyancy term in TKE is approximately 60 %. Although the correlation between the daily variation of the MLH and visibility is very poor, the correlation between them is significantly enhanced when the relative humidity increases beyond 80 %. This indicates that humidity-related physicochemical processes is the primary source of atmospheric particles under heavy pollution and that the dissipation of atmospheric particles mainly depends on the MLH. The presented results of the atmospheric mixing layer provide useful empirical information for improving meteorological and atmospheric chemistry models and the forecasting and warning of air pollution

Long-term observations of the urban mixing-layer height with ceilometers

Urban air quality assessment requires the knowledge of the temporal and spatial structure of the mixing-layer height (MLH), because this variable controls the vertical space for rapid mixing of near-surface pollutants. Because MLH is a consequence of vertical temperature and moisture profiles in the lower atmosphere, remote sensing is a suitable tool to monitor MLH. Two ceilometers, a Vaisala LD40 and a Vaisala CL31, have been run for many months in the German city of Augsburg to observe the vertical aerosol distribution. Wind and temperature profile information have been obtained for the same period from sodar observations. This paper compares the MLH determined from the optical backscatter intensity received by the two ceilometers among each other and with the MLH derived from the acoustic backscatter intensity and the variance of the vertical wind component from sodar measurements

Volume for pollution dispersion: London’s atmospheric boundary layer during ClearfLo observed with two ground-based lidar types

In urban areas with high air pollution emissions, the boundary layer volume within which gases and particles are diluted is critical to air quality impacts. With advances in ground-based remote sensing technologies and data processing algorithms, observations of layers forming the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are becoming increasingly available at high temporal resolution. Here, mixing height (MH) estimates determined from turbulence measurements of Doppler lidars and aerosol derived mixed layer height (MLH) based on automatic lidar and ceilometer (ALC) observations within the centre of London are assessed. While MH uncertainty increases with shorter duration of vertical stare sampling within the Doppler lidar scan pattern, instrument-related noise of the ALC may result in large MLH errors due to the challenging task of layer attribution. However, when long time series are assessed most of the algorithm- and instrument-related uncertainties average out and therefore become less critical to overall climatological analyses. Systematic differences occur in nocturnal MH from two nearby (3-4 km) sites but MLH estimates at both sites generally agree with MH obtained at the denser urban setting. During daytime, most spatial variations in ABL structure induced by synoptic conditions or land cover heterogeneity at this scale do not exceed measurement uncertainty. Agreement between MH and MLH is clearly affected by ABL aerosol content and cloud 28 conditions. Discrepancies increase with cloud complexity. On average, MH rises ahead of MLH during the morning growth period and peaks earlier in the day. There is a faster afternoon decay of MLH so that MLH and MH converge again around sunset and often have similar nocturnal values. Results demonstrate that turbulence-derived MH and aerosol-derived MLH should not be used inter32 changeably for purposes of model evaluation, interpretation of surface air quality observations or 33 initialisation of chemical transport models

Synergistic mixed-layer height retrieval method using microwave radiometer and lidar ceilometer observations

This paper tackles synergistic mixed-layer height (MLH) estimation via a combination of microwave radiometer (MWR) and lidar ceilometer (LC)-based estimates. While MLH-MWR estimates rely on potential temperature retrievals, MLH-LC estimates rely on aerosol gradients. The pros and cons of MLH retrievals obtained from MWR via the parcel method and from LC via an extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based method are used to motivate the synergistic algorithm. The synergistic algorithm is introduced as a maximum-likelihood combination of MLH-MWR and MLH-LC. Two case examples from the 2013 HOPE campaign at Jülich, Germany, are used to show the robustness of the synergistic method and the effect of surface temperature measurement error. Doppler wind lidar retrievals and radiosonde reference MLH estimates are used for validation.This research is part of the projects PGC2018-094132-B-I00 and MDM-2016-0600 (“CommSensLab” Excellence Unit) funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Investigación (MCIN)/ Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)/ 10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER. Data were provided by Julich Observatory for Cloud Evolution (JOYCE-CF), a core facility funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft via grant DFG LO 901/7-1. The work of M.P.A.S was supported under Grant PRE2018-086054 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and FSE “El FSE invierte en tu futuro”. The European Commission collaborated under projects H2020 ACTRIS-IMP (GA871115) and H2020 ATMO-ACCESS (GA-101008004).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Frequency distributions of the mixing height over an urban area from SODAR data

Die Höhe der Mischungsschicht (MLH) ist ein wichtiger Parameter bei der Abschätzung der Verdünnung primär emittierter oder sekundär gebildeter Luftschadstoffe in der atmosphärischen Grenzschicht. Eine kontinuierliche Messung der MLH ist nur mit Fernerkundungsverfahren möglich. Hier sind SODAR-Daten aus 17 Monaten Messungen in Hannover mit einem automatisierten Verfahren ausgewertet worden. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Untersuchungen wird die MLH hier aus der gemeinsamen Analyse von akustischen Rückstreuprofilen und Profilen der Varianz der Vertikalgeschwindigkeit bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse werden in Form von monatlich gemittelten Häufigkeitsverteilungen und mittleren Tagesgängen der MLH präsentiert. Die statistische Auswertung der MLH zeigt einen klaren Jahresgang und die interannuelle Variabilität dieser Größe. Diese Untersuchung zeigt eine Möglichkeit auf, wie für Fragen der Luftqualität verwertbare klimatologische Informationen aus langfristigen SODAR-Messungen gewonnen werden können

HUBUNGAN EKSPRESI NEGATIF MLH-1 DENGAN GAMBARAN KLINIKOPATOLOGIK KARSINOMA KOLOREKTAL

Correllation Between MLH-1 Negative Expression and Clinopathologic Features of Colorectal Carcinoma ABSTRACT Selly Alinta Syukri Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a malignant neoplasm arised from epithelial of colorectal crypt and mucosa. Colorectal carcinoma incidence continue to increase year after year. Globally, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men, the second most common cancer in woman and the fourth leading cause of cancer death. Colorectal carcinoma survival tends to be poorer particularly in developing countries.. Microsatellite instability (MI) pathway is one of carcinogenesis pathway of CRC that was characterized by deletions or insertions within a number of repeated nucleotide units due to defects in DNA mismatch repair gene. Microsatellite instability CRC gives new hope, with its better prognosis and the chemotherapy adjuvant respons is different from other pathway of CRC. The problem of the majority of MI CRC is on MLH-1 gene. that often associated with clinicopathologic features, such as age, sex, tumor location and histopatologic subtype. Clinicopathologic features and MI status, by showing negative expression of MLH-1 would increase the succesfull of therapy. The purpose of this study was finding the correlation of negative expression of MLH-1 with clinicopathological features of CRC. This was a cross sectional study in Padang with 50 cases of colorectal carcinoma which had been diagnosed in 4 Pathology Anatomy Laboratory in West Sumatera. Samples were obtained from parafin block of tissue from surgery and have been classified into age, sex, tumor location and been reevaluated about histopathological subtype of colorectal carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry staining were done to find presence/ absence of MLH-1 expression in tumor cell nuclei. Chi square-test, t-test and one way annova bivariate statistical analysis were used with p value<0.05 were considered significant. Negative expression of MLH-1 is found in 17 cases (34%). There was unsignificant correlation between MLH-1 expression with age, sex, tumour location (subsequent p value 0,277, 0,557 and 0,093) and significant correlation with histopathologic subtype of colorectal carcinoma (p=0,002). Conclusion, the MLH-1negative expression was mostly found in the age of > 40 years old, male, proximal tumour location and mucinous carcinoma subtype. Keyword: Colorectal carcinoma, MLH-1 negative expression, age, sex, tumour location and histopathologic subtype