87,352 research outputs found
Efficient LLR Calculation for Non-Binary Modulations over Fading Channels
Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) computation for non-binary modulations over fading
channels is complicated. A measure of LLR accuracy on asymmetric binary
channels is introduced to facilitate good LLR approximations for non-binary
modulations. Considering piecewise linear LLR approximations, we prove
convexity of optimizing the coefficients according to this measure. For the
optimized approximate LLRs, we report negligible performance losses compared to
true LLRs.Comment: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Communication
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Outcomes after pneumonectomy versus limited lung resection in adults with traumatic lung injury.
Pneumonectomy after traumatic lung injury (TLI) is associated with shock, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and eventual right ventricular failure. Historically, trauma pneumonectomy (TP) mortality rates ranged between 53 and 100%. It is unclear if contemporary mortality rates have improved. Therefore, we evaluated outcomes associated with TP and limited lung resections (LLR) (i.e., lobectomy and segmentectomy) and aimed to identify predictors of mortality, hypothesizing that TP is associated with greater mortality versus LLR. We queried the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (2010-2016) and performed a multivariable logistic regression to determine the independent predictors of mortality in TLI patients undergoing TP versus LLR. TLI occurred in 287,276 patients. Of these, 889 required lung resection with 758 (85.3%) undergoing LLR and 131 (14.7%) undergoing TP. Patients undergoing TP had a higher median injury severity score (26.0 vs. 24.5, p = 0.03) but no difference in initial median systolic blood pressure (109 vs. 107 mmHg, p = 0.92) compared to LLR. Mortality was significantly higher for TP compared to LLR (64.9% vs 27.2%, p < 0.001). The strongest independent predictor for mortality was undergoing TP versus LLR (OR 4.89, CI 3.18-7.54, p < 0.001). TP continues to be associated with a higher mortality compared to LLR. Furthermore, TP is independently associated with a fivefold increased risk of mortality compared to LLR. Future investigations should focus on identifying parameters or treatment modalities that improve survivability after TP. We recommend that surgeons reserve TP as a last-resort management given the continued high morbidity and mortality associated with this procedure
The First Lunar Ranging Constraints on Gravity Sector SME Parameters
We present the first constraints on pure-gravity sector Standard-Model
Extension (SME) parameters using Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR). LLR measures the
round trip travel time of light between the Earth and the Moon. With 34+ years
of LLR data, we have constrained six independent linear combinations of SME
parameters at the level of to . There is no evidence for
Lorentz violation in the LLR dataset.Comment: 7 pages, presented at the Fourth Meeting on CPT and Lorentz Symmetry,
Bloomington, Indiana, August 200
Potential Capabilities of Lunar Laser Ranging for Geodesy and Relativity
Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), which has been carried out for more than 35 years,
is used to determine many parameters within the Earth-Moon system. This
includes coordinates of terrestrial ranging stations and that of lunar
retro-reflectors, as well as lunar orbit, gravity field, and its tidal
acceleration. LLR data analysis also performs a number of gravitational physics
experiments such as test of the equivalence principle, search for time
variation of the gravitational constant, and determines value of several metric
gravity parameters. These gravitational physics parameters cause both secular
and periodic effects on the lunar orbit that are detectable with LLR.
Furthermore, LLR contributes to the determination of Earth orientation
parameters (EOP) such as nutation, precession (including relativistic
precession), polar motion, and UT1. The corresponding LLR EOP series is three
decades long. LLR can be used for the realization of both the terrestrial and
selenocentric reference frames. The realization of a dynamically defined
inertial reference frame, in contrast to the kinematically realized frame of
VLBI, offers new possibilities for mutual cross-checking and confirmation.
Finally, LLR also investigates the processes related to the Moon's interior
dynamics. Here, we review the LLR technique focusing on its impact on Geodesy
and Relativity. We discuss the modern observational accuracy and the level of
existing LLR modeling. We present the near-term objectives and emphasize
improvements needed to fully utilize the scientific potential of LLR.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables. Talk given at `Dynamic Planet 2005:
Monitoring and Understanding a Dynamic Planet with Geodetic and Oceanographic
Tools,'' a Joint Assembly of International Associations: IAG, IAPSO and IABO,
Cairns, Australia, 22-26 August 200
Successive Cancellation List Polar Decoder using Log-likelihood Ratios
Successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding algorithm is a powerful method
that can help polar codes achieve excellent error-correcting performance.
However, the current SCL algorithm and decoders are based on likelihood or
log-likelihood forms, which render high hardware complexity. In this paper, we
propose a log-likelihood-ratio (LLR)-based SCL (LLR-SCL) decoding algorithm,
which only needs half the computation and storage complexity than the
conventional one. Then, based on the proposed algorithm, we develop
low-complexity VLSI architectures for LLR-SCL decoders. Analysis results show
that the proposed LLR-SCL decoder achieves 50% reduction in hardware and 98%
improvement in hardware efficiency.Comment: accepted by 2014 Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and
Computer
The Lender of Last Resort: Some Historical Insights
This paper discusses the role for a lender of last resort (LLR) in preventing banking panics (section I) , then briefly considers classical and more recent concepts of the LLR (section II). Section III examines historical evidence for the U.S. and other countries on the incidence of banking panics and LLR actions, and the record of alternative LLR arrangements in the U.S., Scotland and Canada, as well as the historical record on ailouts. Section IV offers some lessons from history.
Liquidity, Risk Taking, and the Lender of Last Resort
This paper studies the strategic interaction between a bank whose deposits are randomly withdrawn and a lender of last resort (LLR) that bases its decision on supervisory information on the quality of the bank’s assets. The bank is subject to a capital requirement and chooses the liquidity buffer that it wants to hold and the risk of its loan portfolio. The equilibrium choice of risk is shown to be decreasing in the capital requirement and increasing in the interest rate charged by the LLR. Moreover, when the LLR does not charge penalty rates, the bank chooses the same level of risk and a smaller liquidity buffer than in the absence of an LLR. Thus, in contrast with the general view, the existence of an LLR does not increase the incentives to take risk, while penalty rates do.
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