内発的モチベーションと創造的な取り組みに対する外的報酬が営業担当者のクリエイティビティに及ぼす影響

企業の成功を導く重要な要素の一つとして営業担当者のクリエイティビティに注目が集まっている。営業担当者のクリエイティビティを促進するためには，クリエイティブな行動をいかに動機づけるかが鍵となる。本稿の目的は，そのような営業担当者の動機づけに関して，内発的モチベーションと創造的な取り組みに対する外的報酬が営業担当者のクリエイティビティに及ぼす影響を明らかにすることである。日本の食品メーカーの営業担当者に行った質問票調査を分析した結果，内発的モチベーションおよび創造的な取り組みに対する外的報酬は，営業担当者のクリエイティビティにポジティブな影響を与えることが明らかになった。また，創造的な取り組みに対する外的報酬の知覚が高い場合よりも低い場合，内発的モチベーションと営業担当者のクリエイティビティのポジティブな関係を強めることが明らかになった。本稿の貢献点は，営業担当者のクリエイティビティに対する内発的モチベーションと創造的な取り組みに対する外的報酬の影響を検証した点，そして，その2つの変数の交互作用効果を明らかにした点である

Interaction of external, introjected, and identified regulation with intrinsic motivation in exercise: Relationships with exercise enjoyment

The present study examined the way in which the exercise-related motives of external regulation, introjected regulation, and identified regulation interacted with intrinsic motivation to relate to exercise enjoyment. The study was conducted to test the "additive relationship hypothesis" emanating from Vallerand and Fortier's (1998) theoretical position regarding the interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in exercise. Exercise participants (N = 516) responded to a self-report questionnaire assessing their reasons for exercise participation before the commencement of a single exercise class. One week later, and immediately prior to the corresponding class, participants reported on their levels of exercise enjoyment. Interactional analyses using linear regression showed a significant interaction between identified regulation and intrinsic motivation. Specifically, the coexistence of high levels of identified regulation with high levels of intrinsic motivation corresponded with higher scores on exercise enjoyment. External regulation and introjected regulation did not interact with intrinsic motivation, thus supporting the research hypotheses. Collectively, the present findings supported the validity of Vallerand and Fortier's theoretical propositions in the exercise domain and specifically the additive relationship hypothesis between identified regulation and intrinsic motivation with respect to exercise enjoyment

Intrinsic Motivation

Employs a literature review to describe intrinsic motivation as the force behind pro-social behavior, or when individuals willingly engage in behavior that is costly to them but benefits others. Regarding health workers, motivation stems from possible appreciation of provision of health care, experiencing a warm glow from helping people, or earning esteem from being seen to have helped people. A typology, focusing on the sources of motivation and social preferences, leads to classification of eight categories of intrinsically motivated physicians ranging from status seeking to altruistic and to approval seeking. Intrinsic motivation plays an important role in the decision to become a health worker, what sector to work in, whether to exert effort, and what services to provide, while questions remain about extrinsic incentives' possibly negative effect on intrinsically motivated workers

Effects of Surveillance on Intrinsic Motivation

Previous research indicates that explicit surveillance should induce subjects to attribute their performance at a task to the surveillance; hence, such subjects should persist to a lesser extent than subjects not exposed to such surveillance. Two forms of explicit surveillance were utilized: human and camera, as well as the appropriate opposites (human non- and camera non-surveillance). Subjects were directed to perform a model construction task, then were unobtrusively observed during a post-task “waiting period.” No difference in persistence was found for type of surveillance utilized. However, as predicted, subjects exposed to surveillance persisted less with the task materials than subjects not exposed

Intrinsic Motivation Systems for Autonomous Mental Development

Exploratory activities seem to be intrinsically rewarding for children and crucial for their cognitive development. Can a machine be endowed with such an intrinsic motivation system? This is the question we study in this paper, presenting a number of computational systems that try to capture this drive towards novel or curious situations. After discussing related research coming from developmental psychology, neuroscience, developmental robotics, and active learning, this paper presents the mechanism of Intelligent Adaptive Curiosity, an intrinsic motivation system which pushes a robot towards situations in which it maximizes its learning progress. This drive makes the robot focus on situations which are neither too predictable nor too unpredictable, thus permitting autonomous mental development.The complexity of the robot’s activities autonomously increases and complex developmental sequences self-organize without being constructed in a supervised manner. Two experiments are presented illustrating the stage-like organization emerging with this mechanism. In one of them, a physical robot is placed on a baby play mat with objects that it can learn to manipulate. Experimental results show that the robot first spends time in situations which are easy to learn, then shifts its attention progressively to situations of increasing difficulty, avoiding situations in which nothing can be learned. Finally, these various results are discussed in relation to more complex forms of behavioral organization and data coming from developmental psychology. Key words: Active learning, autonomy, behavior, complexity, curiosity, development, developmental trajectory, epigenetic robotics, intrinsic motivation, learning, reinforcement learning, values

Rewarding my Self. Self Esteem, Self Determination and Motivations

The paper presents a model where the self esteem and the self determination mechanisms are explicitly modelled in order to explain how they affect the intrinsic motivation and its impact on individual choices. The aim is to reconcile different explanations (and consequences) of the motivation crowding theory in a unique theoretical framework where the locus of control is introduced in a one period maximisation problem and the intrinsic motivation is assumed as an exogenous psychological attitude. The analysis is based on the different effect of the self esteem mechanism on intrinsic motivation input oriented or output oriented. Results show that crowding out of intrinsic motivation depends on the self determination sensitivity and the individual belief about one’s own self.intrinsic motivation; crowding out; self-esteem; self-determination.

Language Learning Motivation and Language Learning Strategies of Taiwanese EFL Students

[[abstract]]This study investigated the relationship between student motivation, both extrinsic and intrinsic, and learning strategies for English as a foreign language (EFL) students. Subjects were 46 Taiwanese undergraduate and graduate students of advanced EFL at a public university in the United States who were administered motivation and learning strategies questionnaires. Results reveal that total learning strategies were associated with motivational intensity, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation was associated with cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies, while extrinsic motivation was associated with memory and affective strategies. Compensation strategies were the most commonly used, and had little relationship to motivation. Social strategies had little relationship to either extrinsic or intrinsic motivation. Motivational intensity correlated moderately with intrinsic motivation, but had little relationship to extrinsic motivation. An appendix contains the survey questionnaire. Contains 42 references

Analisis Pengaruh Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Managerial Trustworthiness, Dan Leader-member Exchange Terhadap Job Satisfaction Pada PT “X” Martha Yulianti Santoso

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada peng­aruh intrinsic mo­tivation, extrinsic motivation, managerial trustworthiness, dan leader-member ex­change terhadap job satisfaction pada PT X. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kuan­titatif. Data di­kum­pulkan melalui face-to-face menggunakan instrumen ang­ket dengan respon yang dapat digunakan dari 179 responden dengan teknik pur­po­sive sampling. Res­pon­den adalah karyawan PT X. Data diolah menggunakan pendekatan persamaan model struk­tural dengan tek­nik Partial Least Square. Analisis data menunjukan bukti yang kuat untuk mendukung keseluruhan hipotesa penelitian