11,815 research outputs found

    Transaction cost influence on price hedging strategies : a study of farms with large-scale grain production

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    Agricultural businesses are exposed to many risk factors. For grain producers there are substantial risks which may affect income and costs. One way for producers to protect themselves is by hedging, which will help to stabilize income earnings. Futures- and forward contracts is one way for producers to do that. When establishing contracts, a lot of resources are needed and may lead to extended costs. The decision making is affected by uncertainty, trust, and relationship-specific investments. Purpose of study is to create an understanding for how contract writing costs may influence the attitude to forward- or futures contracts and implementation. In order to support this aim; a multiple case study of eight farms with large-scale grain production was conducted. Information was gathered through qualitative interviews. The study has identified that transaction costs vary between futures- and forward contracts. Variation stems from two factors, uncertainty of grain prices and the ability to create a relationship with another actor. Substantial time and resources are needed for an understanding of grain markets, therefore very few farmers use future contracts. Forward contracts benefit from the ability to create long-standing relationships with another actor. These relationships are beneficial as they save time and resources, thereby reducing the perceived transaction cost compared to futures contracts. Therefore, it is perceived that transaction cost do have an impact when choosing between the two options, and why forward contracts is the most frequently used hedging strategy.Lantbruksverksamheter utsÀtts för mÄnga riskfaktorer, vilka mÄste hanteras. Inom spannmÄlsodling finns betydande risker som kan pÄverka eventuella intÀkter och utgifter. För att skydda sig mot riskerna och jÀmna ut intÀkterna Àr prissÀkring vid försÀljning en möjlig strategi. Framförallt sker prissÀkring genom att ett futures- eller forwardkontrakt tecknas. Skrivande av kontrakt kan dock medföra att en betydande mÀngd resurser och kostnader behövs spenderas via kontraktets upprÀttande. PÄ grund av osÀkerhet, förtroende eller relationsspecifika tillgÄngar kan de kostnader som uppstÄr variera mellan olika former av kontrakt, och dÀrigenom pÄverka beslutet rörande vilket kontrakt som ska tecknas. Syftet med denna studie Àr att skapa en förstÄelse för hur kostnaderna vid kontraktsskrivande pÄverkar instÀllningen till futures- och forwardkontrakt, samt hur detta i sin tur pÄverkar valet av att implementera futures- eller forwardkontrakt som prissÀkringstrategi. Genom en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi har en multipel fallstudie pÄ 8 gÄrdar med storskalig spannmÄlsproduktion genomförts. Empiri har samlats in genom intervjuer för att ge en djupare förstÄelse till studiens syfte. Studien visar att transaktionskostnadernas upplevda storlek vid kontraktsskrivande skiljer sig mellan futures- och forwardkontrakt. Framförallt pÄverkas de olika kontrakten olika av den osÀkerhet som finns om marknaden, samt vilket förtroende som en relation med en aktör kan betyda för transaktionskostnadernas storlek. PÄ grund av att betydande resurser behövs spenderas för att förstÄ marknaden pÄ futureskontrakt jÀmfört med forwardkontrakt pÄverkas instÀllningen negativt. Vid tecknande av forwardkontrakt kan dock ett ömsesidigt förtroende mellan de tvÄ kontraktsparterna minska transaktionskostnaderna, och sÄledes pÄverka instÀllningen positivt. Transaktionskostnadernas pÄverkan pÄ instÀllningen Àr dÀrför en bidragande faktor till att forwardkontrakt tillÀmpas i större utstrÀckning som prissÀkringstrategi jÀmfört med futureskontrakt

    Patient’s experiences of health personnel’s’ body art and working attire. - A general literature review

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    Background: The tradition of decorating the body has a long history. Reasons to perform body art, such as tattoos or body piercings, may be different and are found in all sorts of professions, including health care. In many professions there are rules of how one must look, which changes over time. Nowadays even working attire could be experienced differently based on patient's perspective. Patient’s encounters with health personnel’s with body art or non-traditional uniform has increased, which affect patient’s experiences. Aim: To describe patients’ perceptions and experiences of health personnel’s body art and uniform in health care. Method: A general literature study based on previous qualitative- and quantitative research, where two studies used a qualitative approach and eight studies used a quantitative approach. Result: Health personnel’s body art and uniform are perceived differently by different groups of patients, that is, children, adults and the elderly, as well as men and women. Four categories describe how health personnel’s body art and uniform affect patient perceptions and experiences of: relationship in care, knowledge and skills, good health care and professionalism. Conclusion: It has been shown that body art and uniform can influence patients' experiences of care.Bakgrund: Traditionen om att smycka ut kroppen har en lĂ„ng historia. Anledningar till att utföra kroppsutsmyckningar, sĂ„som tatueringar eller piercings, kan vara olika och Ă„terfinns i alla möjliga yrken och professioner, inklusive sjukvĂ„rd. Det finns inom mĂ„nga professioner regler om hur man mĂ„ste se ut, vilka med tiden Ă€ndras. Nuförtiden finns det Ă€ven arbetsklĂ€dsel som upplevs olika utifrĂ„n patientperspektiv. Allt oftare möter patienter vĂ„rdpersonal med kroppsutsmyckningar eller icke traditionell uniform som pĂ„verkar patienternas upplevelser och erfarenheter av vĂ„rden. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelser och erfarenheter av vĂ„rdpersonalens kroppsutsmyckningar och arbetsklĂ€dsel inom sjukvĂ„rden. Metod: AllmĂ€n litteraturstudie baserad pĂ„ tidigare kvalitativ- och kvantitativ forskning, dĂ€r tvĂ„ studier var med kvalitativ ansats och Ă„tta studier med kvantitativ ansats. Resultat: VĂ„rdpersonalens kroppsutsmyckningar och arbetsklĂ€dsel upplevs olika frĂ„n olika patientgrupper, d.v.s. barn, vuxna och Ă€ldre, samt mĂ€n och kvinnor. De fyra kategorierna beskriver hur vĂ„rdpersonalens kroppsutsmyckningar och arbetsklĂ€dsel pĂ„verkar patientupplevelser och erfarenheter av: vĂ„rdrelation, kunskap och kompetens, god omvĂ„rdnad, samt professionalism. Slutsats: Det har visat sig att kroppsutsmyckningar och arbetsklĂ€dsel kan pĂ„verka patienternas upplevelse och erfarenhet av vĂ„rden

    The meaning of living environmental knowledge in productive activities: the case of a Finnish dairy farm

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    Individuals and communities need 'living' environmental knowledge as their particular resource in order to develop their environmental practices and identities. Environmental knowledge can be defined as embedded explanatory, instrumental and evaluative knowledge, offering the 'why' and 'how' for the actors

    Faktorer som motverkar medarbetarskap

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    Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate factors that co-workers believe hamper co-workership. Background: The study is based on Tengblad’s definition of co-workership, that is how co-workers manage relationships with employers and fellow co-workers, as well as how they deal with situations which can arise in the place of work. The idea of co-workership revolves around the thought that employees not only play an active role in the workplace but that they are also conscious of their responsibilities towards it. The workplace is a space where co-workers should have the possibility to learn, grow, co-operate and feel a spirit of community. This in turn leads to a working climate that is good for both production and employees. Method: The study has been done with a qualitative method and consists of seven semi-structured interviews. The interview participants consisted of assistant nurses and nurses in a hospital in Central Sweden. Granheim & Lundman’s qualitative content analysis serves as a model for how the interviews in this study have been transcribed and analysed. Results: The results show that lack of co-operation, increased workload, lack of leadership and the sense of not feeling safe in the work group is significant for co-workership and the feeling of that, which in a interdisciplinary way is referred to as empowerment. The constantly increased employee turnover affects this, and is therefore included as a theme in the study’s analysis. It is hard to co-operate when staff members do not know one another, or if an employee does not know the department properly. That places extra strain on the workload, a workload which in turn has increased due to sicker patients in a slimmed down organization. To feel safe in one’s work group and be confident enough to bring forward ideas and suggestions to develop the work place is also something that is affected by an increased employee turnoverSyfte: Syftet med studien Ă€r att undersöka faktorer som medarbetare upplever motverkar medarbetarskap. Bakgrund: Studien ansluter sig till Tengblads m.fl. definition, vilket innebĂ€r hur medarbetare hanterar relationen till sin arbetsgivare och arbetskamrater samt till situationer som kan uppstĂ„ pĂ„ arbetsplatsen. Medarbetarskap handlar om att de anstĂ€llda bör ha en aktiv och ansvarskĂ€nnande roll pĂ„ sin arbetsplats, dĂ€r de har möjlighet till lĂ€rande och utveckling, gemenskap och samarbete. Det i sin tur leder fram till ett arbetsklimat som gynnar sĂ„vĂ€l produktion som arbetstagare. Metod: Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod dĂ€r sju semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Intervjupersonerna var undersköterskor samt sjuksköterskor pĂ„ ett sjukhus i Mellansverige. Intervjuerna har transkriberats och analyserats enligt Graneheim & Lundmans kvalitativa innehĂ„llsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visar att bristande samarbete, ökad arbetsbelastning, bristande ledarskap samt att man kĂ€nner sig trygg i arbetsgruppen har stor betydelse för medarbetarskap och kĂ€nslan av det som pĂ„ ett tvĂ€rvetenskapligt sĂ€tt inom forskningen benĂ€mns som empowerment. Den allt mer ökande personalomsĂ€ttningen pĂ„verkar detta och bildar dĂ€rmed ett tema i analysen. Det Ă€r svĂ„rt att samarbeta nĂ€r man inte kĂ€nner varandra eller om man inte kĂ€nner till avdelningen ordentligt. Det i sin tur pĂ„verkar arbetsbelastningen som har ökat p.g.a. sjukare patienter i en allt mer slimmad organisation. Att kĂ€nna sig trygg i sin arbetsgrupp och att kĂ€nna att man vĂ„gar komma med idĂ©er och förslag för att utveckla arbetsplatsen pĂ„verkas Ă€ven det av en ökad personalomsĂ€ttning

    The role of the bank in the succession of forest propoerties : a study of stakeholdersÂŽ service needs

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    Sveriges totala landareal bestĂ„r av cirka 28 miljoner hektar skogsmark. Tillsammans Ă€ger cirka 311 000 privata skogsĂ€gare drygt 50 procent av den svenska skogsarealen. Ägarbyten bland dessa skogsfastigheter sker kontinuerligt. Dessa Ă€garbyten sker oftast inom familjen, genom ett generationsskifte dĂ€r allt som oftast tre intressenter uppstĂ„r: överlĂ„tare, övertagare och syskon eller annan slĂ€kting som ska kompenseras. Generationsskiften Ă€r en stor och komplicerad process dĂ€r mĂ„nga aspekter mĂ„ste beaktas. Att fĂ„ med banken i denna process kan vara avgörande eftersom det oftast krĂ€vs en finansiering för att möjliggöra övertagandet av fastigheten. RĂ„dgivning frĂ„n banken vid generationsskifte av skogsfastigheter bestĂ„r av flera olika delar. I synnerhet bestĂ„r rĂ„dgivningen av delar som svar pĂ„ frĂ„gor kring finansiering av överlĂ„telsen och placering av likviden, samt lösningar för verksamheten idag och i framtiden. Bankens roll handlar sĂ„ledes om erbjudandet av en tjĂ€nst. Vid erbjudandet av en tjĂ€nst finns det en risk för sĂ„ kallade tjĂ€nstekvalitetsgap om kundens förvĂ€ntningar pĂ„ en tjĂ€nst och den faktiska upplevelsen av tjĂ€nsten skiljer sig Ă„t. Detta gap kan leda till missnöjda kunder och en minskad kundlojalitet. Studiens syfte var att förklara intressenternas – övertagares och motkompenserades – förvĂ€ntningar och erfarenheter av bankens arbete vid generationsskiften av skogsfastigheter. Vad ansĂ„g intressenterna att de hade för behov av hjĂ€lp frĂ„n banken och hur upplevde de generationsskiftesprocessen utifrĂ„n bankens arbete? För att besvara studiens syfte genomfördes en kvalitativ fallstudie pĂ„ intressenter som genomgĂ„tt ett generationsskifte med hjĂ€lp av Handelsbanken som bank. Totalt genomfördes nio semistrukturerade intervjuer, varav sex respondenter var övertagare och tre var motkompenserade parter. Datainsamlingen utfördes baserat pĂ„ den konceptuella ramen för studien, bestĂ„ende av: relationsmarknadsföring, samskapande av vĂ€rde, tjĂ€nstekvalitet, kundnöjdhet samt kundlojalitet. Resultatet visar frĂ€mst att intressenterna inte har sĂ„ stor kunskap om generationsskiften, vilket gör det svĂ„rt att bygga upp förvĂ€ntningar pĂ„ banken inför generationsskiftet. Det framkom Ă€ven oklarheter kring pĂ„ vilket sĂ€tt banken kan hjĂ€lpa till under en generationsskiftesprocess. De tjĂ€nstekvalitetsdimensioner som respondenterna ansĂ„g som avgörande för kvaliteten pĂ„ bankens tjĂ€nsteerbjudande vid generationsskiften var tjĂ€nstvillighet, bemötande, kompetens, kommunikation, pĂ„litlighet samt förstĂ„else. Samtliga respondenter kĂ€nde sig över lag nöjda med bankens arbete med generationsskiftet. Av resultatet att döma berodde detta frĂ€mst pĂ„ att respondenterna ansĂ„g att utfallet av generationsskiftet blev tillfredsstĂ€llande mer Ă€n att upplevelsen av tjĂ€nsten övertrĂ€ffades av förvĂ€ntningarna pĂ„ tjĂ€nsten. Studiens resultat kan ge Handelsbanken och liknande finansiella institut en vĂ€gledning i viktiga aspekter att ta hĂ€nsyn till vid hantering av generationsskiften av skogsfastigheter. Resultatet kan dock inte generaliseras till att gĂ€lla samtliga finansiella institut och kunder.Sweden's total land area consists of about 28 million hectares of forest land. Together, around 311,000 private forest owners own just over 50 percent of the Swedish forest area. Ownership of these forest properties changes continuously. These changes of ownership usually take place within the family, through a generational change, which usually involves three stakeholders: the transferor, the transferee and siblings or other relatives who need to be compensated. Succession is a complex process where many aspects must be considered. Involving the bank in this process can be crucial as financing is often required to enable the takeover of the property. Advice from the bank on the succession consists of several different elements. In particular, the advice consists of elements like answer questions about financing the transfer and investing the proceeds, as well as solutions for the business today and in the future. The role of the bank is thus about offering a service. When offering a service, there is a risk of so-called service quality gaps if the customer's expectations of a service and the actual experience of the service differ. This gap can lead to dissatisfied customers and reduced customer loyalty. The aim of the study was to explain the expectations and experiences of the stakeholders – the transferees, and counter-compensated – of the bank's work in the generational transfer of forest properties. What kind of help did the stakeholders consider that they needed from the bank and how did they experience the generational transfer process based on the bank's work? To answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative case study was conducted on stakeholders who have undergone a generational change with the help of Handelsbanken as a bank. A total of nine semi-structured interviews were conducted, of which six respondents were transferees and three were counter-compensated parties. The data collection was conducted based on the conceptual framework of the study, consisting of: relationship marketing, co-creation of value, service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The results mainly show that stakeholders do not have much knowledge about generational change, which makes it difficult to build up expectations of the bank prior to generational change. It was also unclear how the bank can help during a succession process. The dimensions of service quality that the respondents considered crucial to the quality of the bank's service offering during generational change were responsiveness, courtesy, competence, communication, reliability and understanding. In general, all respondents felt satisfied with the bank's work on generational change. According to the results, this was mainly because the respondents felt that the outcome of the succession was satisfactory rather than that the experience of the service exceeded the expectations of the service. The results of the study can provide Handelsbanken and similar financial institutions with guidance on important aspects to consider when managing generational changes of forest properties. However, the results cannot be generalized to all financial institutions and customers

    Socialt kapital och karteller

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    This study discusses social capital and related concepts that can be useful when analysing cartels. Different types of definitions of social capital are discussed. It is concluded that organisations can generate social capital which results in increased ability to cooperate in efficient ways. Organised social capital can lead to confidence, facilitating cooperation when trust is not enough. The empirical case discussed in the paper is cartel formation in Swedish brewing industry. This study confirms many results indicated in different case studies: the importance of organisation, leadership, control apparatus, industry specific circumstances, and that cartel success often is preceded by failures. The brewing case is used in the theoretical discussion of social capital. The societal context of this study is the stricter cartel policy since the 1990s. A hypothetical construction of four phases for 1870-2009 is made, based on institutional environment and possibilities for cartels to cooperate efficiently.Social capital; Cartels; Swedish brewing industry; Cartel policy; Institutional environment

    Att tillsammans bygga framtidshopp

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    Sverige har under de senaste Ă„ren tagit emot ett stort antal nyanlĂ€nda varav en del placeras eller bosĂ€tter sig pĂ„ landsbygden. I arbetet med integreringen av nyanlĂ€nda har civilsamhĂ€llet ofta en viktig roll. Uppsatsen undersöker hur civilsamhĂ€llet arbetar praktiskt med integration. Studien baseras pĂ„ intervjuer med representanter för tvĂ„ ideella organisationer i landsbygdskommunen Högsby. Syftet med uppsatsen Ă€r att ta reda pĂ„ hur social tillit skapas mellan nyanlĂ€nda och svenskfödda i de ideella verksamheterna, vilka utmaningar de möter, samt drivkrafterna bakom initiativen. Begrepp som har varit viktiga för analysen Ă€r social tillit samt socialt kapital. Uppsatsen visar att tillit skapas genom kontinuerliga trĂ€ffar dĂ€r parterna umgĂ„s och att tilliten Ă€r viktig för de nyanlĂ€ndas integration. Utöver trĂ€ffar med aktiviteter sĂ„som att fika, laga mat tillsammans eller spela spel, sĂ„ skapas tillit Ă€ven genom att volontĂ€rer för de ideella föreningarna stĂ€ller upp och hjĂ€lper de nyanlĂ€nda med att exempelvis hitta boende eller i kontakten med myndigheter. Drivkrafterna för volontĂ€rerna Ă€r att hjĂ€lpa andra som har det svĂ„rt, men Ă€ven att bidra till bygdens utveckling. Utmaningar som organisationerna har mött har bĂ„de varit att de har haft svĂ„rt att vĂ€rva volontĂ€rer men ocksĂ„ att vissa ideella har kĂ€nt sig ifrĂ„gasatta och motarbetade av offentlig sektor. Uppsatsen Ă€mnar att bidra till en ökad förstĂ„else för civilsamhĂ€llets roll i integrationsarbetet pĂ„ landsbygden.Sweden has during the last years welcomed a significant number of refugees. Some of these refugees are placed by Migrationsverket or have decided to live in rural areas of Sweden. In the work with integrating refugees, civil society often plays an important role. This essay studies how civil society practically can work with integration. The study is based on interviews with representatives from two non-profit organisations in a rural municipality in southern Sweden. The aim of the essay is to find out how social trust is created between refugees and locals in the organisations, what challenges exist, as well as the motives for the initiatives. Theories that have been used are social trust and social capital. The essay indicates that trust is created by recurring meetings where the parties spend time together and that the trust is important for individual’s integration. During these meetings there has been activities like drinking coffee together, cooking food together, and playing games. Volunteers has also helped refugees with finding somewhere to live and supported them in the contact with authorities which has created trust between volunteers and refugees. The motives for the volunteers is to help others in need, but also to contribute to the local community’s development. Challenges that the organizations have faced have been that they have had some difficulty recruiting volunteers but also that some of the volunteers have felt questioned by the local authorities. This essay aims to contribute to a better understanding of the role that civil society has in integration work in rural areas

    HK Scans framtid oviss!

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    Hur pass nöjda Àr Arlas medlemmar?

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