125,270 research outputs found
A technological solution for everywhere energy supply
The hydrogen economy is still at the beginning, but society innovation, and the market push inexorably toward hydrogen, inspiring the idea to build an energy-integrated system that can satisfy, in an independent way, the energy needs of small-sized consumers. The technologies used for the system design are already available in the market and, at least for the standard Solutions, sufficiently mature. The innovation consists of an integration, optimization, and industrialization of this modular system, which is an electric zero-emissions generator giving 3.5 kW(p) as an output power This is the only system able to produce its own fuel, guaranteeing renewable and clean energy., available where and when you want. This system is constituted by a polymer membrane electrolyzer, a metal hydrides tank (which absorbs and desorbs hydrogen), and a polymer fuel cell (PEM). The system modularity can also satisfy higher energy requirements, and the low-pressure hydrogen storage system through metal hydrides guarantees the system safety.
(ASME Transactions
Energy supply and demand in California
The author expresses his views on future energy demand on the west coast of the United States and how that energy demand translates into demand for major fuels. He identifies the major uncertainties in determining what future demands may be. The major supply options that are available to meet projected demands and the policy implications that flow from these options are discussed
Measuring Energy Security â A Conceptual Note
Along with the oil price, concerns about the security of energy supply have soared once again in recent years.Yet, more than 30 years after the OPEC oil embargo in 1973, energy security still remains a diffuse concept. This paper conceives a statistical indicator that aims at characterizing the energy supply risk of nations that are heavily dependent on energy imports. Our indicator condenses the bulk of empirical information on the imports of fossil fuels originating from a multitude of export countries as well as data on the indigenous contribution to the domestic energy supply into a single parameter. Applying the proposed concept to empirical energy data on Germany and the U.S. (1980â2004), we find that there is a large gap in the energy supply risks between both countries, with Germany suffering much more from a tensed energy supply situation today than the U.S.Herfindahl index, energy supply risk indicator
Energy supply
The 2019 Exponential Roadmap focuses on moving from incremental to exponential climate action in the next decade. It presents 36 economically- viable solutions to cut global greenhouse gas emissions 50% by 2030 and the strategies to scale this transformation.The roadmap is consistent with the Paris Agreementâs goal to keep global average temperature âwell below 2\ub0Câ and aiming for 1.5\ub0C above pre- industrial levels.The 2019 roadmap is the second in the series. Each new roadmap updates solutions that have proven potential to scale and charts progress towards exponential scaling. The roadmap, based on the carbon law (see box) is a collaboration between academia, business and civil society.The roadmap is complemented with a high-ambition narrative, Meeting the 1.5\ub0C Ambition, that presents the case why holding global average temperature increase to just 1.5\ub0C above pre-industrial levels is important. Since the first roadmap, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its special report on 1.5\ub0C. The report concluded that the economic and humanitarian risks of a 2\ub0C world are significantly higher than 1.5\ub0C.The remaining emissions budget for 1.5\ub0C is small, and will be exceeded within ten to fifteen years at current emission rates. The window of feasibility is closing rapidly.The global economic benefit of a low-carbon future is estimated at US$26 trillion by 2030 compared with staying on the current high-carbon pathway.The scale of transformation â halving emissions by 2030 â is unprecedented but the speed is not. Some cities and companies can transform significantly faster.Developed nations with significant historic emissions have a responsibility to reduce emissions faster.Greenhouse gas emissions, and the solutions to reduce them, are grouped by six sectors: energy, industry, transport, buildings, food consumption, nature-based solutions (sources and sinks).Meeting the 1.5\ub0C goal means implementing solutions in parallel across all sectors.The solutions must scale exponentially. The roadmap identifies four levers required to scale the transformation as well as necessary actions for each: policy, climate leadership and movements, finance and exponential technology.Implementation must be fair and just or risk deep resistance
Decentralized energy supply and electricity market structures
Small decentralized power generation units (DG) are politically promoted because of their potential to reduce GHG-emissions and the existing dependency on fossil fuels. A long term goal of this promotion should be the creation of a level playing field for DG and conventional power generation. Due to the impact of DG on the electricity grid infrastructure, future regulation should consider the costs and benefits of the integration of decentralized energy generation units. Without an adequate consideration, the overall costs of the electricity generation system will be unnecessarily high. The present paper analyses, based on detailed modelling of decentralized demand and supply as well as of the overall system, the marginal costs or savings resulting from decentralized production. Thereby particular focus is laid on taking adequately into account the stochasticity both of energy demand and energy supply. An efficient grid pricing system should then remunerate long-term grid cost savings to operators of decentralized energy production or/and charge long-term additional grid costs to these operators. With detailed models of decentralized demand and supply as well as the overall system, the marginal costs or savings resulting from decentralized production are determined and their dependency on characteristics of the grid and of the decentralized supply are discussed.electricity markets, decentralized power production, demand side management
Measuring Energy Supply Risks: A G7 Ranking
The security of energy supply has again become a similarly hot topic as it was during the oil crises in the 1970s, not least due to the recent historical oil price peaks. In this paper, we analyze the energy security situation of the G7 countries using a statistical risk indicator and empirical energy data for the years 1978 through 2007.We find that Germanyâs energy supply risk has risen substantially since the oil price crises of the 1970s, whereas France has managed to reduce its risk dramatically, most notably through the deployment of nuclear power plants. As a result of the legally stipulated nuclear phase-out, Germanyâs supply risk can be expected to rise further and to approach the level of Italy.Due to its resource poverty, Italy has by far the highest energy supply risk among G7 countries.Herfindahl Index, Energy Supply Risk Indicator
Sustainable transport policies under scarcity of oil supply
A strategic land-useâtransport interaction model is used
to investigate the impacts of policies in technology,
infrastructure, pricing and regulation under different
assumptions about energy supply. Six scenarios have
been defined, analysing three policy strategies in two
different contexts of energy supplyâA, generally
accepted energy supply forecast and B, worst-case
energy supply forecast (scarcity of energy). Policies
include: business as usual; investment in infrastructure
and technology; and a demand regulation based
approach involving changes in taxation and tolls. The
paper assesses the impact and robustness of each policy
against assumptions about future oil supply/demand.
Our results demonstrate three key issues. First, scarcity
of oil will accelerate the development and take-up of
alternative fuel technologies; second, investment in
alternative technologies alone will alleviate the impact of
local emissions and reduce energy consumption per
kilometre travelled but will only reduce yearly carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions after a time lag of about
15 years; so that, third, some form of regulation of
demand will be necessary to reduce total emissions and externalities caused by congestion. Research is
required to define the necessary level of regulation in
combination with technology investments. However, we
suggest that a policy involving improvements in
infrastructure coupled with investments in fuel
technology and differentiated fuel taxes will be required
in the future
Energy Supply and the Sustainability of Endogenous Growth
The paper provides an introduction to energy and, respective resource use within the framework of endogenous growth models. We provide an overview of different modeling approaches as well as intuition with respect to the results obtained. We consider the source problem, i.e. the supply of energy, as well as the sink problem, i.e. pollution generated by the consumption of energy resources. The introduction to the theoretical framework shortly discusses the use of neoclassical versus endogenous growth models and also points to the implications of the different types of endogenous growth approaches. We additionally give an introduction to CGE-models that include energy use and present an example of a numerical solvable model in detail. The paper closes with a look at possible future research.endogenous growth, energy, resources, pollution, CGE-models
Market-based Options for Security of Energy Supply
Energy market liberalization and international economic interdependence have affected governmentsâ ability to react to security of supply challenges. On the other side, whereas in the past security of supply was largely seen as a national responsibility, the frame of reference has increasingly become the EU in which liberation increases security of supply mainly by increasing the number of markets participants and improving the flexibility of energy systems. In this logic, security of supply becomes a risk management strategy with a strong inclination towards cost effectiveness, involving both the supply and the demand side. Security of supply has two major components that interrelate: cost and risk. This paper focus the attention on costs in the attempt to develop a market compatible approach geared towards security of supply.Energy supply, Market-based options
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