Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic pollutants in the air particles of subway stations in Barcelona

Underground subways transport large numbers of citizens in big cities, which must breathe air with limited ventilation. These atmospheric conditions may enhance the concentration of air pollutants from both outdoor and indoor air. The influence of ventilation conditions and maintenance activities on the concentrations of air pollutants have been studied. Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) in indoor air was sampled in ten platforms of nine subway stations of the metropolitan area of Barcelona in 2015 and 2016. These particles were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and organic tracer compounds. The concentrations of PAH were in the range of the street air levels with higher PAH values in the colder period. No influence of nighttime maintenance activities was observed on the platform air quality during daytime. Source apportionment analysis using the concentrations of hopanes, nicotine and levoglucosan as molecular tracer compounds showed that 75% of the detected PAH at the platforms have an outdoor PM origin. The modern subway stations, with advanced ventilation and platform screen doors that separate the subway system from the platform, showed lowest PAH and PM concentrations. © 2018This study was supported by the IMPROVE LIFE project (LIFE13 ENV/ES/000263) and the European Union Seventh Framework Programme projects NEUROSOME (H2020-MSA-ITN-2017-766251) and HEALS (FP7-ENV-2013-603946) and supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya SGR AGAUR. The authors would like to thank the Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona staff who helped in the sampling campaigns.Peer reviewe