Some Theoritical Considerations of English Language Teaching Curriculum Development

Teaching language in classroom at all levels in ELT curriculum sets up the main goal to learn and to teach language as to achieve discourse competence oral or written. Discourse means texts whether transactional or inter-personal written or oral. This means that students can do many types of action using language in a specific context such as in classroom, but this does not mean that they are not being taught other things out side of the classroom environment around them. The supporting competencies (linguistic, socio-culture) can include many themes and topics as presented in each subcomponents in competency. There are four steps of language learning can be applied and planned by teachers before teaching. Building knowledge of the field: guiding students to understand/elicit the main principles of the materials. Example, writing simple transactional conversation text. Modeling of the text: teachers give model of what they are doing. Teachers present an example of the transactional conversation text. Joint construction: collaborate with students while they are doing the simple conversational transactional text. Independent construction: let them do the simple conversational transactional text independently

Folk teleology drives persistence judgments

Two separate research programs have revealed two different factors that feature in our judgments of whether some entity persists. One program—inspired by Knobe—has found that normative considerations affect persistence judgments. For instance, people are more inclined to view a thing as persisting when the changes it undergoes lead to improvements. The other program—inspired by Kelemen—has found that teleological considerations affect persistence judgments. For instance, people are more inclined to view a thing as persisting when it preserves its purpose. Our goal in this paper is to determine what causes persistence judgments. Across four studies, we pit normative considerations against teleological considerations. And using causal modeling procedures, we find a consistent, robust pattern with teleological and not normative considerations directly causing persistence judgments. Our findings put teleology in the driver’s seat, while at the same time shedding further light on our folk notion of an object

Early Condylectomy: Biological Considerations

Objective: To describe the early treatment of two patients with unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) diagnosis and therapeutic surgical protocol (early condylectomy) supported by the current biological knowledge about the development and repair of mandibular condyle cartilage (MCC). Methods: Review of the literature and two case description of the treatment. The two patients were girls, 12 and 13 year old. The follow up period was of 3 years. SPECT diagnostic, radiographic, photographic and tomographic images are presented. Results: The literature summarized provides biological basis favoring the early treatment of UCH. The two cases were treated with the same surgical protocol obtaining good esthetic and functional stable results. Discussion: The present literature review and clinical results provide biological basis to justify the practice of early condylectomy. Early intervention appears to be able to produce a successful outcome in terms of esthetic facial symmetry, avoiding dentoalveolar orthodontic compensations or additional orthognathic surgeries

Some considerations on pitch

Pitch is an audible quality of sound which can be explained not only in terms of strong correlation with sound waves’ properties, but also by a neat correlation to the properties of the sounding object. This seems to be in favour of the theory of sound labelled “distal view”, according to which sound is the vibration of the sounding object