Comment comprendre la classe d'objets?

The article is devoted to the problem of lexical description of words for automatic translation of texts. In particular, the description understood in terms of object classes is focused. The author gives attention to two lexicographical conceptions, namely the conception of electronic dictionary proposed by G. Gross and the object oriented approach proposed by W. Banyś. The article aims at the comparison of these two conceptions, as well as at presenting how the notion of the object class is used to describe words

Mieux comprendre comment un élève donne du sens aux cartes.

Cet article étudie les processus grâce auxquels un élève interprète un document cartographique. En classe de géographie, un élève construit ses représentations d'un monde conçu comme une étendue terrestre socialement appropriée. L'interprétation des cartes n'est pas une activité innée ou automatique. Les concepts de représentation, de système d'expression cartographique et de type iconique permettent de mieux comprendre et de rendre compte des processus cognitifs et des relations sémiotiques mis en oeuvre. Une carte articule un mode d'expression graphique fondé sur les analogies induites par une sémiotique planaire et un mode d'expression verbal fondé sur une lecture séquentielle de symboles. L'identification de formes cartographiques dépend d'un apprentissage méthodologique et d'une culture géographique. Elle n'épuise pas toutes les interrogations de la géographie, mais s'avère particulièrement adaptée aux problématiques de l'analyse spatiale.This article studies the processes through wich a pupil interprets a cartographical document. In class, a pupil forms his representations of a world regarded as a stretch of land which has been socialy adapted. The interpretation of maps is not an innate or an automatic activity. The concepts of representation, of a cartographical expression System and of an iconic pattern allow us to have a better understanding and to give account of the cognitive processes and the semiotic relationship at work. A map articulates a graphical expression based upon induced analogy and a verbal expression based upon a sequential reading of symbols. The identification of cartographical forms depends upon a methodological learning and a certain knowledge of the nature of geography. This approach does not exhaust all questions related to geography, but has proved to be particulary adapted to these sets of spatial analysis problems

L'approche orientee objets dans l'espace

The subject matter of this article concems objectivity of lexicographie description. Here objectivity is being associated with the names of "functional" places, in D. Le Pesant's understanding of the terme The author presents principles of the object-oriented description of lexicosemantic data, according to the concept by W. Banys. Later on, she distinguishes a couple of basic classes of appropriés predicates, which are typical for the locative nouns suggested by D. Le Pesant. The elements of the object-oriented approach are confronted with their counterparts in such lexicographie theories as: I. Melczuk and A.K. Zholkovsky'sframes, J. Pustejovsky's qualia structure system, G. Gross's object classes and unique beginners from the WordNet lexical database. In the suggested descriptive scheme of entries the author places results of her own analyses concerning descriptions of names of functional places, in this case-buildings

Approche orientee objets et hierarchie linguistique de concepts : questions d'application

In the first part ofthe article the author foeuses her attention on the presentation ofthe object-oriented method of lexicographie description proposed by W. Banys. She also refers to G. Gross' concept based on the notion of "objeetivity". She carefully considers the problem of the hierarchy of semantic concepts in the object-oriented approach and analyses the ontological semantie categories proposed by the WordNet lexical database. In the final part of the article the author presents an analysis of lexical hierarchy in the object-oriented approaeh. The author based her analysis on a few French verbs

Parties du corps et approche orientee objets

In this article the author discusses a method of lexicographic description which uses G. Gross's concept of object classes, ontological classification in the WordNet style, B. Boguraev and J. Pustejovsky's qualia structure, computer lexicography and automatic translation. The author focuses herself on the "object-oriented" approach to the proposed descriptions and adopts this approach to her analysis of the chosen names of body parts in French. The category of body parts, established on the basis of the ontological features of its elements, can be treated as an object c1ass. This conclusion is justified by the fact that two operators: avoir mal and soigner, which characterize every object of the category under analysis, allow us to treat this category as an object c1ass in the object-oriented approach