Persistent Pain after Cholecystectomy, When Defined Indications for Operation are Used

Introduction: The overall prevalence of gallstones in adults is about 10% of whom approximately 1 to 2% become symptomatic. The accurate differentiation of gallstone induced biliary colic from other abdominal disease processes is the most crucial step in the successful management of gallstone disease. Persistent pain or the so-called “Post –cholecystectomy syndrome†varies in frequency between 6 and 47 percent.Aims and Objectives: To study the frequency of persistent pain after cholecystectomy, when defined indications for the operation were used.Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study carried out in 70 patients in whom the indications for cholecystectomy were defined. All patients were subjected to cholecystectomy. All the patients received a self – administered questionnaire before cholecystectomy about specific food intolerance, acid regurgitation,  heartburn, nausea, vomiting, and sensation of bloating in relation to meals  during the previous 3 months. The location of abdominal pain was noted and the intensity of pain was indicated on the visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The patients were followed up at 1,3 and 6 months after the cholecystectomy and the same symptom questionnaire was administered to the patients at every visit.Results - At one month follow up, out of 37 patients who experienced abdominal pain with typical location before surgery, 32 reported total remission of pain (86.4%) whereas out of 15 patients who had vague abdominal pain before surgery, only 3 reported relief of pain (20%). At 6 months follow up out of 22 patients with localized preoperative pain, 20 reported relief (90.0%). Out of 12 patients with vague preoperative pain, 7 patients reported relief of pain (58.3%). The average VAS score at 1 month follow up was 2.5 for patients with preoperative localized pain and 4.5 for those who presented with vague pain preoperatively. The score was 1 and 3 respectively at 6 months follow up.Conclusion: The defined indications for elective cholecystectomy along with the questionnaire indicates the frequency and location of preoperative abdominal pain are useful in minimizing the frequency of persistent pain after cholecystectomy. The frequency of persistent abdominal pain after Cholecystectomy is low in patients with preoperative typical localized pain

Harmonic Estimation Of Distorted Power Signals Using PSO – Adaline

In recent times, power system harmonics has got a great deal of interest by many Power system Engineers. It is primarily due to the fact that non-linear loads comprise an increasing portion of the total load for a typical industrial plant. This increase in proportion of non-linear load and due to increased use of semi-conductor based power processors by utility companies has detoriated the Power Quality. Harmonics are a mathematical way of describing distortion in voltage or current waveform. The term harmonic refers to a component of a waveform occurs at an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. Several methods had been proposed, such as discrete Fourier transforms, least square error technique, Kalman filtering, adaptive notch filters etc; Unlike above techniques, which treat harmonic estimation as completely non-linear problem there are some other hybrid techniques like Genetic Algorithm (GA), LS-Adaline, LS-PSOPC which decompose the problem of harmonic estimation into linear and non-linear problem. The results of LS-PSOPC and LS-Adaline has most attractive features of compactness and fastness. . Our new proposed technique tries to reduce the pitfalls in the LS-PSOPC, LS-Adaline techniques. With new technique we tried to estimate the Amplitudes by Least square estimator, frequency of the signal by PSOPC and phases of the harmonics by Adaline technique using MATLAB program. Harmonic signals were estimated by using LS-PSOPC, PSOPC-Adaline. Errors in estimating the signal by both the techniques are calculated and compared with each other

Securing multi-tenancy systems through multi DB instances and multiple databases on different physical servers

Use of the same application by multiple users through internet as a service is supported by cloud computing system. Both the user and attacker stay in the same machine as both of them are users of the same application creating an in-secure environment. Service must ensure secrecy both at the application and data layer level. Data isolation and Application isolation are two basic aspects that must be ensured to cater for security as desired by the clients that accesses the service. In this paper a more secured mechanism has been presented that help ensuring data isolation and security when Multi-tenancy of the users to the same service has been implemented

Gold Network Structures in Rhombohedral and Monoclinic Sr2Au6(Au,T)3 (T= Zn, Ga). A Transition via Relaxation

Quantitative syntheses, structure determinations and interpretations, and band calculations are reported for the nonstoichiometric rhombohedral (R3̅c) and monoclinic (C2/c) Sr2Au6(Au3–xTx) (T = Zn, Ga) compounds. Several different compositions of the two Sr phases were similarly refined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data as R3̅c: a ≈ 8.43 Å, c ≈ 21.85 Å, Z = 6 and C2/c: a ≈ 14.70 Å, b ≈ 8.47 Å, c ≈ 8.70 Å, β ≈ 123.2°, Z = 4. The R3̅c Zn phase is stable in the composition region x ∼ 2.5–2.9 whereas its C2/c neighbor is the major product at x ∼ 2.2–2.3. Gallium versions of both were also identified. Both R3̅c and C2/c structural types contain hexagonal-diamond-like gold superlattices stuffed with strings of interstitial Sr and disordered triangular (Au,T)3 units. The latter space group is a maximal, nonisomorphic subgroup of the former, and the decrease in interstitial radius from Ba to Sr (∼0.08 Å experimentally) evidently drives the symmetry reduction, relaxation, and small distortions, principally around the Sr sites. Au–Au bonding among the Au hexagons in the host lattices and with gold components in the triangular interstitials is dominant and reflected in their tight packing and short interatomic separations

Medical Students React to Cadaveric Dissections

The medical student is under considerable stress as he is facing a professional course that needs total dedication and concentration. As enters the course, he goes through the anatomy curriculum, which involves interaction with cadavers and cadaveric material. This study analyses the reactions of students on their first exposure to the human cadaver. 300 students were included in the study. A proforma was designed with the objective of identifying specific patterns of attitudes and problems faced by the students on their first exposure to the human cadaver. Viewpoints regarding the need for pre-education sessions were also elicited. The positive feelings included a curiosity and interest  to learn about the structure of human body. Few were scared, some put off by the formalin fumes and few were hesitant to dissect the cadaver. Students also felt a sense of gratefulness to the people who donated their bodies for dissection. It was reported by some that negative feelings influenced their routine activities. Students felt the need to seek help from faculty in overcoming their anxiety. They felt that a pre-education session should be conducted before the formal dissection teaching begins which could instill a sense of respect into the minds of the students and eliminate the feeling of anxiety. A better teacher – student interaction will go a long way in improving the attitude of students towards cadaveric dissection. This will offer a stable mental status for the fresh medicos to handle higher levels of stress in their clinical careers, thereby reducing the drop- out rates. ÂÂ

Digitized Engineering Notebook

The web application deals with two levels of users where one would be the admin and the other would be general user. The admin access will be able to create projects, modify them, add general users to the projects and create a list of actions that must be performed by the general user. The general users will be able to create a log of activities being made by them for the project they are added and perform various actions such as log the list of actions being performed by the team members, export the actions, sort them and others. Each user in a team will be able to view the data related to the actions being performed only by the fellow team mates but, whereas the admin will be able to view the actions performed by the general users creating a role based view options for the users. Additionally, the users will be able upload the files such as images, text files and others and these files will be shared among the team members. On the other hand, a search option allows the users to search for the users and obtain their details, actions being made by them and others. The calendar of events allows the users to take sneak peek at the list of actions that are assigned to the user and need to be completed on a given date

Green synthesis, swelling behaviour and orthopaedic application of polysaccharide based hydrogel

The bio-composite material Taragum-g-P(MMA-co-AN)/CaO has excellent properties like superabsorbent, biodegradable and antibacterial property having interpenetrating network structures (IPNS) is prepared through the microwave-assisted synthesis method, in aqueous medium by using cobalt complex as the cross-linking agent and APS (Ammonium Persulphate) as an initiator. The maximum swelling percentage (%) is as observed in the different time interval in a vacuum having pH=7. The partial IPNS of the composite now converted into complete IPNS through the impregnation of Taragum chain both in acidic and also in natural conditions. The characterization such as FESEM, FTIR, XRD has been carried out for identification of both partial and complete IPNS structure. The tensile strength, biodegradability, swelling behaviour and antibacterial properties are studied by adopting the suitable procedure. The prepared material is biodegradable, superabsorbent, shows antibacterial property and biocompatibility for which it is used as an excellent material for orthopaedic implants and hard tissue engineering

Green synthesis, swelling behaviour and orthopaedic application of polysaccharide based hydrogel

515-520The bio-composite material Taragum-g-P(MMA-co-AN)/CaO has excellent properties like superabsorbent, biodegradable and antibacterial property having interpenetrating network structures (IPNS) is prepared through the microwave-assisted synthesis method, in aqueous medium by using cobalt complex as the cross-linking agent and APS (Ammonium Persulphate) as an initiator. The maximum swelling percentage (%) is as observed in the different time interval in a vacuum having pH=7. The partial IPNS of the composite now converted into complete IPNS through the impregnation of Taragum chain both in acidic and also in natural conditions. The characterization such as FESEM, FTIR, XRD has been carried out for identification of both partial and complete IPNS structure. The tensile strength, biodegradability, swelling behaviour and antibacterial properties are studied by adopting the suitable procedure. The prepared material is biodegradable, superabsorbent, shows antibacterial property and biocompatibility for which it is used as an excellent material for orthopaedic implants and hard tissue engineering

WNT signaling pathway contributes to Dectin-1-dependent inhibition of TLR-induced inflammatory signature

Macrophages regulate cell fate decisions during microbial challenges by carefully titrating signaling events activated by innate receptors such as dectin-1 or Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Here, we demonstrate that dectin-1 activation robustly dampens TLR-induced proinflammatory signature in macrophages. Dectin-1 induced the stabilization of β-catenin via spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals, contributing to the expression of WNT5A. Subsequently, WNT5A-responsive protein inhibitors of activated STAT (PIAS-1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) mediate the downregulation of IRAK-1, IRAK-4, and MyD88, resulting in decreased expression of interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In vivo activation of dectin-1 with pathogenic fungi or ligand resulted in an increased bacterial burden of Mycobacteria, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, or Escherichia, with a concomitant decrease in TLR-triggered proinflammatory cytokines. All together, our study establishes a new role for dectin-1-responsive inhibitory mechanisms employed by virulent fungi to limit the proinflammatory environment of the host