8 research outputs found

    neuroAIx-Framework: design of future neuroscience simulation systems exhibiting execution of the cortical microcircuit model 20× faster than biological real-time

    Get PDF
    IntroductionResearch in the field of computational neuroscience relies on highly capable simulation platforms. With real-time capabilities surpassed for established models like the cortical microcircuit, it is time to conceive next-generation systems: neuroscience simulators providing significant acceleration, even for larger networks with natural density, biologically plausible multi-compartment models and the modeling of long-term and structural plasticity.MethodsStressing the need for agility to adapt to new concepts or findings in the domain of neuroscience, we have developed the neuroAIx-Framework consisting of an empirical modeling tool, a virtual prototype, and a cluster of FPGA boards. This framework is designed to support and accelerate the continuous development of such platforms driven by new insights in neuroscience.ResultsBased on design space explorations using this framework, we devised and realized an FPGA cluster consisting of 35 NetFPGA SUME boards.DiscussionThis system functions as an evaluation platform for our framework. At the same time, it resulted in a fully deterministic neuroscience simulation system surpassing the state of the art in both performance and energy efficiency. It is capable of simulating the microcircuit with 20× acceleration compared to biological real-time and achieves an energy efficiency of 48nJ per synaptic event

    Diversità ecosistemica nel Parco Nazionale dell'Asinara (Sardegna, Italia)

    Get PDF
    Le aree protette costituiscono uno strumento utile per mantenere la biodiversità a livello ecosistemico, di paesaggio e di specie, ma anche per la promozione dei servizi ecosistemici. Tra i parchi nazionali italiani, uno dei più interessanti dal punto di vista biologico è il Parco Nazionale dell’Asinara, una piccola isola nel nord-ovest della Sardegna. In questo lavoro abbiamo fatto una sintesi delle conoscenze attuali su flora, fauna, vegetazione e habitat, 124 Ann. Mus. Civ. RoveReto 38 (2022) 1 IntroduzIone In tutto il mondo, la biodiversità è in continuo e drammatico declino (IPBES, 2018), tanto che si parla di “sesta estinzione di massa del pianeta Terra” (Barnosky et al., 2011; Ceballos et al., 2017). Le principali cause di questo declino sono il cambio di destinazione d’uso del territorio, l’urbanizzazione e l’uso non sostenibile delle risorse naturali, associati con il cambiamento climatico (IPCC, 2021, Zerbe, 2022). Nel quadro degli sforzi da compiere per l’attuazione degli Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile (DSDG, 2020) sui sistemi terrestri, costieri e marini, le aree naturali protette sono cruciali. Attualmente la superficie totale di aree protette è circa il 15% sulla terraferma (CBD, 2020), ma i ricercatori suggeriscono di mantenere e ripristinare gli habitat naturali su “almeno il 50% della superficie terrestre” (Dinerstein et al., 2019). I parchi nazionali rappresentano una strategia di conservazione per proteggere le specie le cui popolazioni sono suscettibili all’impatto umano e per promuovere i processi naturali degli ecosistemi. La IUCN definisce i parchi nazionali come aree protette di categoria II cioè “grandi aree naturali o quasi naturali per proteggere processi ecologici su larga scala, insieme alle specie ed ecosistemi caratteristici dell’area, che forniscono una base anche per opportunità spirituali, scientifiche, educative, ricreative e di visita compatibili con l’ambiente e la cultura” (Dudley, 2008). L’isola dell’Asinara è uno dei 25 parchi nazionali italiani ed è considerata una delle aree protette più importanti e interessanti d’Italia (Cinquepalmi et al., 2010). Come molti altri parchi nazionali in Italia e in Europa, l’isola combina caratteristiche naturali, semi naturali e culturali che spiegano la diversità di specie ed ecosistemi ivi presenti (Zerbe, 2022). L’isola è stata studiata in maniera approfondita per quanto riguarda la flora, la fauna, la vegetazione, gli habitat, l’uso del suolo e la storia dell’uso del suolo. In questo lavoro, abbiamo preso in esame la ricca bibliografia relativa a questo territorio per offrire una panoramica utile per lo sviluppo futuro del Parco. 2 MetodI 2.1 Area di studio L’isola dell’Asinara, con una superficie di 51,9 km2, si trova a nord-ovest della Sardegna (Italia). È un Parco Nazionale dal 1997 e un’Area Marina Protetta dal 2002 (Villa et al., 2002; Casu et al., 2006). Inoltre, fa parte della rete europea Natura 2000 (Zona Speciale di Conservazione “Isola dell’Asinara”, ITB010082). L’isola è diventata un’importante destinazione turistica da quando, con la dismissione della colonia penale presente sull’isola per 112 anni, è stato consentito di visitarla. In base ai dati del Parco, il numero di turisti stimati, pari a 81.400 nel 2010, è aumentato più o meno costantemente fino a 121.597 nel 2016 (Corbau et al., 2019). Il numero massimo di turisti si registra nella stagione estiva, tra maggio e settembre. Oltre al suo paesaggio peculiare, l’isola offre ai visitatori una storia e una cultura uniche (Carboni et al., 2015). Testimonianze dell’antica storia di questa isola risalgono al Neolitico e arrivano fino ai giorni nostri (Corbau et al., 2018). 2.2 Analisi Per la nostra analisi, abbiamo considerato la letteratura prodotta tra il 1909 e il 2022 riguardante specificamente l’Asinara o aree più ampie nelle quali è ricompresa. La nomenclatura delle specie e delle comunità vegetali citate in questo studio è quella originale degli studi quali si riferiscono. 3 rIsultatI Complessivamente, abbiamo preso in considerazione 73 studi, di cui 13 riguardano la geologia, la geomorfologia e il suolo, 3 il clima, 15 la flora, 7 la vegetazione e gli habitat, 23 la fauna, 12 l’uso del suolo e la sua storia e 3 i servizi ecosistemici (Tabella 1). considerando anche i fattori ambientali abiotici e la storia del paesaggio di questo territorio basandoci su più di 70 studi. La gestione futura del Parco Nazionale dovrebbe basarsi sulla combinazione delle risorse naturali e di quelle culturali uniche di quest’isola.Protected areas are a useful tool for maintaining biodiversity at the ecosystem, landscape and species level, but also for promoting ecosystem services. Among the Italian national parks, one of the most biologically interesting is the Asinara National Park, an island in the north-west of Sardinia. In this paper, we have summarised current knowledge on flora, fauna, vegetation and habitat, also considering abiotic environmental factors and the landscape history of this area based on more than 70 studies. Future management of the National Park should be based on the combination of the island’s unique natural and cultural resources

    Complementing endozoochorous seed dispersal patterns by donkeys and goats in a semi-natural island ecosystem

    No full text
    Abstract Background Endozoochory is, in grazing systems, a substantial vector for seed dispersal. It can play an important role in vegetation dynamics, especially in colonization processes through seed input on the vegetation and on the soil seed bank. We investigated the endozoochorous seed input of donkeys and goats on a semi-natural island ecosystem in the Mediterranean. Through germination experiments, we assessed the viable seed content of the dung of these grazing animals to estimate their suitability and efficiency for seed dispersal of the vegetation types of the island. Results We show different dispersal patterns of donkeys and goats. Goats disperse a high number of diaspores from shrubs while donkeys disperse more diaspores of grasses. In addition, goats disperse plants of greater growth height and donkeys plants of shorter height. These dispersal patterns are in accordance with the vegetation types of which donkeys and goats disperse indicator species. Both, donkeys and goats, feed on and disperse species of the vegetation types, open grassland and temporarily wet grassland. In addition, goats feed on and disperse diagnostic species of the semi-open maquis and preforest formations. Conclusions Overall, our results show that donkeys and goats are complementing each other in their endozoochorous seed dispersal potential. This emphasizes the importance of both grazing animals for the vegetation dynamics of the semi-natural island ecosystem. Therefore, the adaption of the goat management to a traditional land management based on directed transhumance might maintain and enrich vegetation types

    National Park or Cultural Landscape Preservation? What the Soil Seed Bank Reveals for Plant Diversity Conservation

    No full text
    National parks play an important role in the conservation of biodiversity, mainly excluding human influence following the IUCN approach. However, in Europe, they are often characterized by a high percentage of traditional cultural landscape elements, which require active management. This calls into question whether the national park protection strategy is always appropriate. Here, we follow this question by taking the soil seed bank of various habitats of the Asinara National Park (Sardinia, Italy) as an example. Asinara is a suitable model region, as the island mainly consists of traditional cultural landscape elements, but the main conservation goals include afforestation plans and nature development promotion, which creates a trade-off between the conservation of forest vs. cultural landscapes. We investigated the soil seed bank, standing vegetation, and environmental factors in different cultural and natural habitats. Since the highest species richness and diversity were revealed for cultural vegetation units, they need to be of primary concern regarding the preservation of the island’s phytodiversity. Given the main objective of the conservation of biodiversity in the Asinara National Park, we conclude that a biosphere reserve with an adapted sustainable land-use management might be more suitable than a national park to account for both natural and cultural landscape preservation. This conclusion applies to many other European national parks

    National Park or Cultural Landscape Preservation? What the Soil Seed Bank Reveals for Plant Diversity Conservation

    No full text
    National parks play an important role in the conservation of biodiversity, mainly excluding human influence following the IUCN approach. However, in Europe, they are often characterized by a high percentage of traditional cultural landscape elements, which require active management. This calls into question whether the national park protection strategy is always appropriate. Here, we follow this question by taking the soil seed bank of various habitats of the Asinara National Park (Sardinia, Italy) as an example. Asinara is a suitable model region, as the island mainly consists of traditional cultural landscape elements, but the main conservation goals include afforestation plans and nature development promotion, which creates a trade-off between the conservation of forest vs. cultural landscapes. We investigated the soil seed bank, standing vegetation, and environmental factors in different cultural and natural habitats. Since the highest species richness and diversity were revealed for cultural vegetation units, they need to be of primary concern regarding the preservation of the island’s phytodiversity. Given the main objective of the conservation of biodiversity in the Asinara National Park, we conclude that a biosphere reserve with an adapted sustainable land-use management might be more suitable than a national park to account for both natural and cultural landscape preservation. This conclusion applies to many other European national parks

    Grammaire de la langue malaye ou malaise / par Alfred Tugault,...

    No full text
    Contient une table des matièresAvec mode text
    corecore