Systemic risks and financial consolidation in the EU: Challenges for prudential policy.

Policy; Risk;

Corporate governance issues for banks. A financial stability perspective.

Regulation; Corporate governance; Governance; Stability;

Late blight on potato in Flanders, Belgium: field trials and characteristics of the Phytophthora infestans population

Commercial fungicides were tested in the field for efficacy on foliar late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. The fungicide treatments for late blight control were conducted at either 7- or 10-day intervals. The effect of the fungicide treatments on epidemic development, tuber rot and blight incidence and tuber yields were determined. Last summer late blight development was arrested in July and at the beginning of August due to high temperatures and lasting drought. Foliar disease severity significantly affected potato tuber yields. Lowest tuber yield was noted in plots with high late blight infection levels (nontreated control and an experimental mixture of organic acids (Vi-Care, 1 l/ha)) while highest yields were recorded in plots with low late blight infection. Late blight infection on leaf level was not significantly correlated with % tubers that showed late blight symptoms. No fungicide scheme completely arrested epidemic development under the environmental conditions of the trial. The effect of propamocarb hydrochloride + chlorothalonil (Tattoo C, 2.5 kg/ha) was less suppressive for P. infestans than the other fungicides tested for both interval systems. However, fenamidone + mancozeb (Sereno, 1.5 kg/ha), zoxamide + mancozeb (Unikat Pro, 1.8 kg/ha), dimethomorph + mancozeb (Acrobat, 2 kg/ha), cyazofamide + heptamethyltrisiloxane (Ranman 200 ml A/ha + 150 ml B/ha) and cymoxanil + famoxadone (Tanos, 0.6 kg/ha) controlled P. infestans most effectively for both interval systems. Also the other fungicides controlled foliar late blight sufficiently. Only small differences were observed between the different treatments. A total of 51 isolates of P. infestans were collected from disease outbreaks in commercial potato crops and private gardens in 2003. Isolates were recovered successfully from single lesions of diseased potato foliage. Not from all isolates pure cultures were obtained due to contaminations with Fusarium species and bacteria. The structure of the population was analysed phenotypically. Characteristics of the isolates included in vitro growth rate, mating type, in vitro sensitivity to the phenylamide fungicide metalaxyl-M and allozyme genotype at glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi) and peptidase (Pep) loci

Study on the STOP effect of fungicide combinations to control late blight in potato

The effectiveness of different fungicide combinations to control late blight and the STOP effect of these fungicide combinations for the control of foliar and tuber blight under high infection pressure was investigated. Last summer late blight development was arrested in July due to high temperatures and lasting drought. In August the weather was cloudy, rather cold and a lot of rain. These weather conditions were very favourable for late blight. Due to the heat waves of June and July the foliage started to die allready in August and P. infestans developped very fast in the second part of August. Because of that no incidence of foliage blight was scored. No significant differences in yield were observed for the different treatments applied. The combination cyazofamid + heptamethyltrisiloxaan (Ranman) + propamocarb + chlorothalonil (Tattoo C) had the highest yield. The percent diseased tubers fluctuated between 14,9 and 45,1 % for the different treatments tested. The amount of blighted tubers was lowest for fluazinam (Shirlan) + cymoxanil +chlorothalonil (Mixanil) and fluazinam (Shirlan) + benthiavalicarb + mancozeb (Valicarb)

Study on the curative and eradicant action of fungicide combinations to control late blight in potato

Commercial fungicide combinations were tested in the field for efficacy on foliar late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans in substitution of tin. When the first disease symptoms appeared, the tested fungicide treatments for late blight control were applied 3 times at 3-day intervals. The effect of the fungicide treatments on epidemic development, tuber rot and blight incidence and tuber yields were determined. Last summer late blight development was arrested in June due to high temperatures and lasting drought. August was characterized by rather low temperatures and high rainfall. These weather conditions were very favourable for the development of late blight. The foliar protection against P. infestans was comparable for all the tested fungicide combinations. The effect of combinations with dimethomorph + mancozeb (AcrobatC, 2.5 kg/ha) was less suppressive for P. infestans than the other fungicides tested. Lowest foliar disease severity was recorded in plots treated with fluazinam (Shirlan, 0.4 l/ha) + cymoxanil + chlorothalonil (Mixanil, 2 l/ha). Furthermore, highest tuber yield was noted in plots treated with fluazinam (Shirlan, 0.4 l/ha) + cymoxanil + chlorothalonil (Mixanil, 2 l/ha). The percentage blighted tubers fluctuated between 5 and 11 %. No fungicide combinations completely arrested epidemic development under the environmental conditions of the trial. However, fluazinam (Shirlan, 0.4 l/ha) + cymoxanil + chlorothalonil (Mixanil, 2 l/ha) controlled P. infestans most effectively