Fisheries and Marine Resources of Hawaii and the U.S.-associated Pacific Islands: An Introduction

The fisheries of Hawaii and other U.S.-associated islands in the Pacific Ocean are characterized by high diversity, both in the species exploited and the human cultures that exploit them. The commercial sector has undergone rapid growth in recent years, but recreational and subsistence sectors remain important. Information on these fisheries is generally not available in published form. This paper presents an overview and introduction to a volume of papers describing fisheries in the region, with the goal of making the information available to scientists and the general public. A great deal remains to be learned about the dynamics of these fisheries as well as the associated issues in biological research, fisheries management, and environmental protection

IAMSLIC and international scientific organizations: an approach to trans-Pacific information exchange

pp. 123-12

In-situ deformation characterization of Nd-containing Mg alloys

An in-situ characterization technique combining mechanical testing inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis was employed to study the tensile deformation behavior of Nd-containing Mg alloys over the temperature range of 50‑250°C. EBSD data were collected before and after the experiments. The active slip and twinning systems were identified from the secondary electron SEM images and EBSD orientation data using a MATLAB code with the input of grain Euler angles [1]. The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) ratios between the different deformation systems were estimated based on the distribution of identified deformation modes and texture according to the methodology described in Ref. [2]. Details of this testing technique and the results obtained on Mg‑1Mn‑xNd (wt.%) [0 \u3c x \u3c 1] alloys in the as-cast and extruded conditions will be presented. Rare-earth additions to Mg alloys tend to reduce the strong basal texture exhibited by conventional wrought Mg alloys [3, 4]. Compared with other RE elements, neodymium (Nd) has proven to be a stronger texture modifier [4]. The alloys were gravity cast to produce billets of 125 mm diameter and then machined to a diameter of 93 mm. The billets were homogenized at 350°C for 15 hours prior to extrusion. Indirect extrusion was carried out to produce round bars of 17 mm diameter. The billets were extruded at temperatures between 275°C and 300°C and between 5.6 mm/s and 8.3 mm/s. The tensile strength of the as-cast materials was lower than that of the extruded materials. For the material containing 1wt.%Nd, both the as-cast and extruded materials exhibited superior high temperature strength retention compared with conventional alloys [5]. This is expected to be the result of the Nd addition. In the case of the extruded materials, basal slip, prismatic slip, and pyramidal slip were active at all temperatures. Extension twinning was also observed at all temperatures for the 275°C extruded Mg‑1Mn‑1Nd(wt.%) alloy; however, it was not observed at 250°C for the same alloy extruded at 300°C. The extent of twinning decreased with increasing temperature and basal slip was the major deformation mode at 150°C and 250°C. Basal slip was associated with high Schmid factors in all cases. Extension twinning was distributed over the entire Schmid factor range suggesting that extension twinning does not follow Schmid law. The estimated CRSS ratio of extension twinning with respect to basal slip was \u3c1, suggesting that the addition of Nd results in an increase in the CRSS of basal slip. In the case of the as-cast Mg‑1Mn‑1Nd (wt.%) alloy, basal slip and extension twinning were observed at 50°C. Nonbasal slip activity was observed at 150°C. REFERENCES [1] Boehlert, C., et al. Phil. Mag. 2013, 93 (6), 598–617. [2] Li H., et. al. Acta Mater. 2013, 61(20), 7555–7567. [3] Ulacia I., et. al. Acta Mater. 2010, 58(8), 2988–2998. [4] Bohlen J., et. al. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2010, 527(26), 7092–7098. [5] Boehlert C., et. al. Acta Mater. 2012, 60(4), 1889–1904

Fast Changes Through Slowing Consumption: The Need for Sustainability in the Fashion Industry

Overview: In 2015, a court in Bangladesh upheld charges against 38 people accused of murder. With a death toll of 1,135 people, and thousands more injured, few were able to escape the bloodshed unscathed. Years later, the bodies of 200 people remain lost. A manhunt for those involved lasted four days, as the accused attempted to flee the country. Those charged with murder in Bangladesh can face the death penalty (Calvo, Amanda). In America, people continued their daily lives unaware of the trial taking place. However, we were more connected to the trial than we could have realized or imagined, because the 1,135 people who were killed died while making our clothes (“Factory Collapse in Bangladesh”). Author\u27s Reflection: My name is Melissa Boehlert, and I am a nursing major. The hardest part of writing this paper for me was finding the best sources as basis for my arguments. There was so much information on the topic that it was hard to determine which would be the strongest resources to support my paper. As the topic is very complex and multifaceted, it was important to find a balance of perspectives. The most enjoyable part of this paper was continuously discovering more information about something I am passionate about. It was incredibly rewarding to write this paper, not only because I learned so much through my research, but also because it gave me an opportunity to discuss a topic that I believe needs to be addressed. The process of writing this paper was meticulous but well worth it, as I believe it made me a better writer and the subject was something I was truly passionate about. Taking a 199 course helped me further develop my ability to articulate a point clearly while acknowledging all aspects of an argument. It strengthened my writing and gave me a much better grasp of researching a topic in depth. The class also gave me practice at citing information, which I can use as a foundation for any future papers I write. Dr. Lowe\u27s Summary: Melissa\u27s research on the topic of fast fashion is deep and broad. This allows her to convey a nuanced understanding of what many might initially think is a trivial issue. Her paper is an exemplar for several reasons. First, it is deeply and carefully researched. The facts used are expertly chosen and blended into the text, adding both interest and credibility to her arguments. In addition, Melissa opens her paper with a case that readers cannot help but see the ethical relevance of and, because the case is powerful, are internally compelled to read on. Melissa also does a very nice job of addressing multiple perspectives on this issue, complicating the issue with and for the reader while also pointing to reasonable ways to move forward. This is an important paper as it calls on all of us to think more about our part in creating a sustainable future in all aspects of our lives, especially our fashion choices

Hitler\u27s Germania: Propaganda Writ in Stone

Senior Project submitted to The Division of Arts of Bard College

Nearshore ichthyoplankton associated with seagrass beds in the lower Chesapeake Bay

Estuaries serve as important nursery habitats for larvae and juveniles of many species of fishes and invertebrates. Within the estuary, however, partitioning may occur among main channel. mud flat, tidal creek, and vegetated habitats. In this study we describe the egg, larval, and juvenile fish assemblages in shallow areas of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) of the lower Chesapeake Bay and compare them with those over the adjacent, shallow sand habitat. Densities at night over all habitats were about 1 order of magnitude higher than daytime densities, and were highest in summer. The SAV habitats were not important spawning sites for species with pelagic eggs, but were important for species brooding eggs or with demersal eggs. Overall, collections were dominated by the bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, , but contained many species not commonly found in the midchannel ichthyoplankton described in earlier studies; these include the croaker Micropogonias undulatus, rough silverside Membras martinica and northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus. Conversely, the weakfish Cynoscion regaljs was rare in our collections as compared to main channel sampling areas. Our results suggest that SAV areas do not play an important nursery role for pelagic eggs and early larvae, which may suffer increased predation by planktivores in these areas. Later stages, however, may benefit from reduced predation pressure from piscivores and thus benefit from association with SAV

Dynamics of temperature and chlorophyll structures above a seamount: An oceanic experiment

Three hydrographic surveys comprised of densely spaced XBT and CTD stations were conducted over Minami-kasuga Seamount, in the northwest Pacific (21°36′N, 143°38′E). A cold dome, similar to a Taylor column, was observed above the seamount top during the first survey. Uplifted isotherms penetrated to the lower euphotic zone and were associated with higher chlorophyll concentrations. Vertical displacement of uplifted isotherms decayed with elevation above the seamount, so that both temperature and chlorophyll anomalies were undetectable at depths less than 80 m. Relatively high chlorophyll concentrations in a layer from 80 m to 100m depth formed a distinctive deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) which was less well defined away from the seamount. Calculations based on the observed chlorophyll increase and on estimated phytoplankton growth rate suggested a minimal residence time of the cold dome on the order of several days. Zooplankton densities were also higher over the seamount top, both within and above the cold dome. No cold dome, chlorophyll increase, or high zooplankton biomass were detected above the seamount on the second and third surveys, carried out 2 and 17 days later, respectively. Mixing and deflections of isotherms occurred within a boundary zone around the seamount slope during the first and third surveys.Our observations suggest that seamounts are a source of both biological and physical patchiness in the surrounding ocean as features developed above them are swept away. The importance of the seamount-generated experiment is discussed in relation to field studies of the DCM. Specifically, our observations suggest that a sharp chlorophyll maximum can be formed by enhanced in situ growth following a sub-surface upwelling event

Increasing the elevated-temperature strength of a beta titanium alloy through thermomechanically-induced phase tranformation

The effects of temperature and thermomechanical loading on the elevated-temperature tensile strength, deformation behavior, and phase transformation were studied for a low-cost metastable beta titanium alloy: Ti-13Cr-1Fe-3Al (wt.%). In-situ and ex-situ tensile tests were performed at temperatures between 25 °C to 500 °C. TEM was performed to investigate the phase transformation behavior, and the strength and Vickers hardness were compared at different loading conditions. The beta phase transformed to the omega phase under a combination of load and time at temperature. The temperature range of the phase transformation was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis and compared with data from differential scanning calorimetry and electrical resistivity techniques. Slip trace analysis indicated that dislocation slip is the primary deformation mechanism. Both temperature and thermomechanical loading have a significant influence on deformation mode, phase transformation, and tensile strength, which can be increased by over fifty percent at elevated temperatures