Desempenho da inspeção visual com acido acetico e da citologia oncologica no rastreamento do cancer do colo uterino

Orientadores: Luiz Carlos Zeferino, Sophie Françoise Mauricette DerchainTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: Introdução. Em regiões com grande carência de recursos de saúde, é pouco provável que em curto prazo seja possível implementar um programa de controle de câncer do colo uterino que alcance alta cobertura, com qualidade e resolutividade. Nestas condições, impõe-se pesquisar tecnologias alternativas que se ajustem aos recursos existentes. Objetivos. Avaliar o desempenho da inspeção visual com ácido acético e da citologia oncológica na detecção de lesões precursoras do carcinoma do colo uterino. Sujeitos e métodos. Este foi um estudo de corte transversal e de validação de teste diagnóstico que incluiu 2782 mulheres. Citologia oncológica e inspeção visual com ácido acético a 5% foram realizadas em todas as mulheres, e aquelas com pelo menos um exame positivo foram convocadas para colposcopia e biópsia das áreas anormais. Freqüências, prevalências, sensibilidade e especificidade, com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança a 95%, foram calculadas, assim como valores preditivos positivo e negativo para a inspeção visual e citologia oncológica. A associação das variáveis categóricas foi testada pelo Teste de Qui-quadrado. O software ¿Epi-info¿ versão 3.2.2 foi usado para as análises estatísticas. Resultados: A citologia oncológica foi positiva em 6,5% das mulheres e a inspeção visual em 19,8%. De acordo com o diagnóstico histológico, as prevalências de NIC 1, NIC 2, NIC 3, carcinoma escamoso invasor, adenocarcinoma in situ e adenocarcinoma invasor foram respectivamente de 0,5%, 0,6%, 2,2%, 0,5%, 0,1%, 0,1%. A sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo da citologia oncológica foram, respectivamente, 83,7%, 97,0%, 55,8% e 99,2% e da inspeção visual foram de 58,3%, 81,8%, 11,5% e 98,0%. Conclusão: O desempenho da citologia oncológica foi melhor do que a inspeção visual. A inspeção visual teve baixa sensibilidade e baixa especificidade, o que lhe conferiu baixo valor preditivo positivo. Contudo, a inspeção visual mostrou que pode detectar lesões precursoras do carcinoma do colo uterino, clinicamente significantes. Esta característica torna a inspeção visual uma alternativa a ser considerada em regiões onde não há condições para o rastreamento do câncer do colo uterino através da citologia oncológicaAbstract: Introduction. In regions with in low-resource settings for health care, it is very low the possibility of implementing in short term a cervical cancer screening reaching high coverage, with quality and resoluteness. In these conditions, alternative technologies adjusted to available resources should be tested. Objetives. To evaluate the performance of visual inspection with acetic acid and Pap test in detecting precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Subject and Methods. This was a cross-sectional study and validation of diagnostic test that included 2782 women. Pap test and visual inspection with 5% acetic acid were performed for all patients, and those having at least one abnormal test were called for colposcopical examination, and biopsy of abnormal areas. Frequencies, prevalences, sensitivity and specificity were calculated with their 95% confidence interval, as the positive and negative predictive values. The association of categorical variables was tested by Chi-Square Test. The software Epi-info version 3.2.2 was used for statistical analysis. Results. Pap test was abnormal in 6.5% of the women, and the visual inspection was abnormal in 19.8% of the women. According to histological diagnosis, the prevalences of CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, invasive squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma in situ, and invasive adenocarcinoma were, respectively, 0.5%, 0.6%, 2.2%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.1%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of Pap test were, respectively, 83.7%, 97.0%, 55.8%, and 99.2%, and visual inspection were 58.3%, 81.8%, 11.5%, and 98.0%. Conclusion. The performance of Pap test was better than the visual inspection with acetic acid. The visual inspection showed low sensitivity and low specificity, and then showed low positive predictive value. Nevertheless, the visual inspection showed that it could detect precursors lesions of cervical cancer, clinically significant. This characteristic becomes the visual inspection an alternative to be considered in regions where there are no conditions for cervical cancer screening based on Pap testDoutoradoTocoginecologiaDoutor em Tocoginecologi

The Impact Of A Community Intervention To Improve Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake In The Amazon Region Of Brazil.

In the northern region of Brazil, cervical cancer is the most important cause of cancer-related deaths among women. There is considerable likelihood, however, that official incidence and mortality figures are greatly underestimated. The aim of this study was to estimate the repercussions from improvement in cervical cancer screening programs on the incidence of pre-invasive and invasive cervical lesions in a municipality in this region. This was a quasi-experimental study that assessed process dimensions relevant to the program objectives. The study comprised a sample of 2,226 women seen at primary healthcare units in Cruzeiro do Sul, a small city in the Brazilian Amazon region, from April 2003 to July 2004. Women were recruited through local radio advertisements and by oral communication from the investigators. The women answered a structured questionnaire and underwent pelvic examination, which included Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and naked-eye inspection of the cervix after applying diluted acetic acid. Women with positive Pap smears or abnormal gynecological examination were referred for colposcopy and possible biopsy, diathermic large loop excision of the transformation zone or conization. The results obtained were compared with historical official data retrieved from the Brazilian Ministry of Health's database. Intervention resulted in a 40% increase in positive Pap smears and detection of cancer was nine times higher than had been observed in routine screening. Detection of pre-invasive and invasive cervical lesions in the intervention group was remarkably higher than among women seen during routine screening.12542-

Impacto de uma intervenção comunitária na melhoria da cobertura de um programa de rastreamento para câncer do colo do útero na região amazônica brasileira

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: In the northern region of Brazil, cervical cancer is the most important cause of cancer-related deaths among women. There is considerable likelihood, however, that official incidence and mortality figures are greatly underestimated. The aim of this study was to estimate the repercussions from improvement in cervical cancer screening programs on the incidence of pre-invasive and invasive cervical lesions in a municipality in this region. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a quasi-experimental study that assessed process dimensions relevant to the program objectives. The study comprised a sample of 2,226 women seen at primary healthcare units in Cruzeiro do Sul, a small city in the Brazilian Amazon region, from April 2003 to July 2004. METHODS: Women were recruited through local radio advertisements and by oral communication from the investigators. The women answered a structured questionnaire and underwent pelvic examination, which included Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and naked-eye inspection of the cervix after applying diluted acetic acid. Women with positive Pap smears or abnormal gynecological examination were referred for colposcopy and possible biopsy, diathermic large loop excision of the transformation zone or conization. RESULTS: The results obtained were compared with historical official data retrieved from the Brazilian Ministry of Health?s database. Intervention resulted in a 40% increase in positive Pap smears and detection of cancer was nine times higher than had been observed in routine screening. CONCLUSIONS: Detection of pre-invasive and invasive cervical lesions in the intervention group was remarkably higher than among women seen during routine screening.CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Na Região Norte do Brasil, o câncer do colo do útero é a mais importante causa de morte, por câncer, entre as mulheres. É muito provável, entretanto, que os dados oficiais referentes à incidência e à mortalidade estejam grosseiramente subestimados. O objetivo foi estimar as repercussões que a melhora dos programas de rastreamento possam exercer sobre a incidência de lesões pré-invasoras e invasoras do colo do útero em uma municipalidade da região Amazônica brasileira. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Este estudo quasi-experimental avaliou dimensões processuais relevantes para os objetivos do programa de rastreamento. Foi incluída uma amostra de 2.226 mulheres, atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde de Cruzeiro do Sul, uma pequena cidade da Amazônia Brasileira, entre abril de 2003 e julho de 2004. MÉTODOS: As mulheres foram recrutadas através de anúncio pelo rádio e por comunicação oral desempe-nhada pelos próprios pesquisadores. Após assinarem o Termo de Consentimento Informado, responderam a um questionário estruturado e foram submetidas a exame pélvico, o que incluiu coleta e colpocitologia oncológica (CO) e inspeção da cérvice após aplicação de ácido acético diluído. Mulheres com CO positiva ou exame ginecológico anormal foram encaminhadas para colposcopia e eventual biópsia, excisão diatérmica da zona de transformação ou conização. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos foram comparados a dados históricos oficiais referentes à cidade de Cruzeiro do Sul, recuperados do banco de dados do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Em comparação aos dados históricos, a intervenção resultou em um aumento de 40% na freqüência de CO positiva, e a detecção de câncer foi nove vezes superior àquela dos dados oficiais. CONCLUSÕES: A detecção de lesões cervicais pré-invasoras e invasoras no grupo que sofreu intervenção foi marcadamente superior à das mulheres atendidas pelo programa oficial de rastreamento.424

The impact of a community intervention to improve cervical cancer screening uptake in the Amazon region of Brazil

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: In the northern region of Brazil, cervical cancer is the most important cause of cancer-related deaths among women. There is considerable likelihood, however, that official incidence and mortality figures are greatly underestimated. The aim of this study was to estimate the repercussions from improvement in cervical cancer screening programs on the incidence of pre-invasive and invasive cervical lesions in a municipality in this region. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a quasi-experimental study that assessed process dimensions relevant to the program objectives. The study comprised a sample of 2,226 women seen at primary healthcare units in Cruzeiro do Sul, a small city in the Brazilian Amazon region, from April 2003 to July 2004. METHODS: Women were recruited through local radio advertisements and by oral communication from the investigators. The women answered a structured questionnaire and underwent pelvic examination, which included Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and naked-eye inspection of the cervix after applying diluted acetic acid. Women with positive Pap smears or abnormal gynecological examination were referred for colposcopy and possible biopsy, diathermic large loop excision of the transformation zone or conization. RESULTS: The results obtained were compared with historical official data retrieved from the Brazilian Ministry of Health’s database. Intervention resulted in a 40% increase in positive Pap smears and detection of cancer was nine times higher than had been observed in routine screening. CONCLUSIONS: Detection of pre-invasive and invasive cervical lesions in the intervention group was remarkably higher than among women seen during routine screening