MacArthuri suhtlemise arengu testi lühiversiooni adapteerimine: eesti keelt kõnelevate 2-aastaste laste normid

Käesolevas töös uuriti 24 kuu vanuste laste kõne arengut ning normeeriti MacArthuri Suhtlemise Arengu Testi lühiversioon eesti keelt kõnelevatele 2 - aastastele lastele. Sõnavara suuruse osas leiti poistele ja tüdrukutele eraldi normid. Teise eesmärgina uuriti sõnavara seoseid teiste keele arengu komponentidega nagu keelekasutus ja süntaks. Selgus, et laste sõnavara suurus on seotud nii keelekasutuse kui ka süntaksi oskuste arenguga. Osalist kinnitust leidis püstitatud hüpotees, et lapse esimese sõna varasem ütlemine ennustab suuremat sõnavara ja keerukamat keelekasutust, kuid mitte süntaksi oskusi. Samuti leidis osalist kinnitust hüpotees, mille kohaselt kõrgema haridusega emade lapsed moodustavad keerulisemaid lauseid. Töö põhileiuks oli, et ema haridustase ei ole seotud 24 kuu vanuse lapse sõnavara suuruse ja keelekasutusega, mis seostusid olulisel määral hoopis ema vanusega: mida noorem oli ema, seda suurem oli lapse sõnavara ja keerukam keelekasutus. Lisaks leiti, et kõrgemalt haritud emade lapsed ning kõrgemalt haritud isade tütred ütlesid oma esimese sõna hilisemas eas.http://www.ester.ee/record=b4510901*es

Diversity behind constructed unity; the resettlement process of th e!Xun and Khwe communities in South Africa

The identity politics in the land distribution arrangement of the !Xun and Khwe were heavily dependent on the notion of one commonly shared community identity. However, this politically constructed identity does not match differences experienced on the ground. The !Xun and Khwe were resettled in 2004, moving from their temporary settlement at an army base to a township near Kimberley. To date, they do not seem to resemble a coherent community pursuing the goal of cooperative production, deemed so important by land reform policies. This paper argues that forced togetherness of the past, collective identities ascribed by others and actively taken up by the !Xun and Khwe, and the socio-political context at the time of resettlement negotiations informed the delineation of community boundaries that preferred constructed unity over experienced diversity. © 2013 The Institute of Social & Economic Research

‘We have come out of one place: it is called Omega’:An ethnographic study on the role of context in understanding mental suffering among the !Xun and Khwe of South Africa

The !Xun and Khwe are two displaced and marginalized communities from the south and south-east parts of Angola and the Caprivi area of Namibia, now residing near Kimberley, South Africa. Their histories of violent conflicts, three forced displacements and marginalization are likely to negatively affect their mental well-being. This thesis aims to contribute to understanding the multi-dimensional character of mental suffering in displaced and marginalized communities. The studies presented here provide insights into the complex dynamics of social and mental despair among the !Xun and Khwe by exploring local understandings of mental suffering and how these are embedded in local contexts. The studies make visible how local understandings, meanings, and coping and caregiving strategies are embedded in sociocultural, social, socioeconomic, political, and historical contexts. Several lessons are drawn. Firstly, sociocultural contexts are of great importance for understanding mental suffering and consequently providing adequate cultural-sensitive care. Secondly, social and socioeconomic contexts are of importance in order to understand local stressors that cause stress and distress states. Thirdly, making local realities visible is valuable to uncover local obstacles and reveal opportunities for alleviating mental suffering. Psychosocial and holistic approaches that aim to address the social dimensions of mental suffering by strengthening or revitalizing local support structures and individual resilience, and address local stressors (e.g. poverty), are suggested as valuable strategies. These may be able to address the complex dynamics of mental suffering among the !Xun and Khwe and other displaced and marginalized communities around the world

Contextualized understanding of depression: A vignette study among the !Xun and Khwe of South Africa.

Colonial misconceptions about the absence of depression and the lack of a psychologization of distress among Africans have long been refuted. However, cultural variation in depression in terms of symptomatic expression, conceptualization, explanatory models, and social responses is widely acknowledged. Insight into the cultural variation of depression is useful for providing appropriate care; however, few studies have explored cultural understandings of depression in African settings. In a depression vignette study of two displaced and marginalized San communities in South Africa, we conducted 20 semistructured interviews to explore causal interpretations and strategies for coping. Causal interpretations consisted of several dimensions, including life struggles and physical, psychological, and spiritual interpretations. Respondents primarily focused on life struggles in terms of socioeconomic and interpersonal problems. They described coping strategies as primarily addressing negative emotional and psychological affect through social support for relief, comfort, distraction, or advice on coping with the situation and emotions. In addition, religious coping and professional support from a social worker, psychologist, support group, or medications were mentioned. Findings illustrate that depression should be understood beyond individual suffering and be situated in its immediate social environment and larger sociopolitical setting. Interventions for depression therefore may benefit from a multilevel approach that addresses socioeconomic conditions, strengthens local resources, and fosters collaboration among locally appropriate informal and formal support structures.Public Health and primary car