Влияние системы удобрений на количество фосфатмобилизирующих микроорганизмов в черноземе луговом

Изучали влияние системы удобрений на численность фосфатмобилизирующих микроорганизмов как компонента микробоценоза чернозема лугового. Установлено, что количество фосфатмобилизирующих микроорганизмов не коррелирует с дозой вносимых в севообороте фосфорных минеральных удобрений и степенью подвижности фосфора в почве, а определяется, предположительно, наличием углерода. Показано также, что в вариантах опыта с искусственным РК-фоном и ежегодным внесением удобрений наблюдается повышенное содержание микроорганизмов, мобилизирующих минеральные и органические фосфаты, педотрофов, целлюлолитиков, олигонитрофилов, иммобилизаторов минерального азота. В почве экстенсивного варианта наблюдается максимальное в опыте содержание иммобилизаторов минерального азота и азотобактера. Расходование органического вещества превышает его синтез на всех указанных агрофонах.Вивчали вплив системи удобрення на чисельність фосфат-мобілізувальних мікроорганізмів як компоненту мікробоценозу чорноземного лучного ґрунту. Встановлено, що кількість фосфатмобілізувальних мікроорганізмів не корелює з дозою внесених у сівозміну фосфорних мінеральних добрив і ступенем рухомості фосфору у ґрунті, а визначається, вирогідно, наявністю вуглецю. Показано також, що у варіантах досліду з штучним РК-фоном і щорічним внесенням мінеральних добрив спостерігається підвищення чисельності фосфатмобілізувальних мікроорганізмів, педотрофів, целюлозоруйнівних бактерій, олігонітрофілів, імобілізаторів мінерального азоту. У ґрунті екстенсивного варіанту спостерігається максимальний у досліді вміст імобілізаторів мінерального азоту і азотобактеру. Витрачання органічної речовини перевищує ії синтез на всіх досліджених агрофонах.The influence of the system of fertilizers on the number of phosphorus-mobilizing microorganisms as the component of microbiocenosis of meadow chernozem was studied. It was established that amount of phosphorus-mobilizing microorganisms had not correlated with phosphoric mineral fertilizer dose applied in crop rotation and degree of phosphorus mobility in soil and was determined apparently by the availability of carbon-bearing substratum. It was also shown that in variants with artificial PK-background and annual mineral fertilizer use the raised contents of phosphorus mobilizing microorganisms, pedotrophs, cellulolytic microbes, oligonitrophyls and the immobilizers of mineral nitrogen was observed. In the soil of extensive variant the content of mineral nitrogen immobilizers and azotobacter was maximized. Utilization of organic material had exceeded its syntheses in all studied agricultural backgrounds

Genetics and Not Shared Environment Explains Familial Resemblance in Adult Metabolomics Data

Metabolites are small molecules involved in cellular metabolism where they act as reaction substrates or products. The term ‘metabolomics’ refers to the comprehensive study of these molecules. The concentrations of metabolites in biological tissues are under genetic control, but this is limited by environmental factors such as diet. In adult mono- and dizygotic twin pairs, we estimated the contribution of genetic and shared environmental influences on metabolite levels by structural equation modeling and tested whether the familial resemblance for metabolite levels is mainly explained by genetic or by environmental factors that are shared by family members. Metabolites were measured across three platforms: two based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance techniques and one employing mass spectrometry. These three platforms comprised 237 single metabolic traits of several chemical classes. For the three platforms, metabolites were assessed in 1407, 1037 and 1116 twin pairs, respectively. We carried out power calculations to establish what percentage of shared environmental variance could be detected given these sample sizes. Our study did not find evidence for a systematic contribution of shared environment, defined as the influence of growing up together in the same household, on metabolites assessed in adulthood. Significant heritability was observed for nearly all 237 metabolites; significant contribution of the shared environment was limited to 6 metabolites. The top quartile of the heritability distribution was populated by 5 of the 11 investigated chemical classes

Respiratory immune responses in the chicken; Towards development of mucosal avian influenza virus vaccines

Several important poultry pathogens, including avian influenza virus (AIV), enter the host through the mucosae of the respiratory tract (RT) and subsequently disseminate towards other organs in the body. Therefore, animal health significantly depends on the control of infection in the lung tissue by the RT immune system. There is limited knowledge of the lung-associated immune system in poultry, which might be a consequence of the unique and complex anatomy and function of the avian lung. The rational design of mucosal vaccines requires a comprehensive knowledge of the structure and function of the RT immune system in order to target vaccines appropriately and to design efficient mucosal adjuvants. We therefore studied uptake of antigen (Ag) in the RT and the humoral immune responses after AIV infection. Furthermore, we tested the feasibility of respiratory applied adjuvanted whole-inactivated influenza vaccine (WIV) for use in a rapid intervention strategy. We used LPS-coated and AIV-coated beads to mimick uptake of bacterial and viral Ag and identified different subsets of macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) in chicken lung, based on expression of CD11, activation markers and DEC205. In vivo uptake of LPS-beads and AIV-beads resulted in up regulation of co-stimulatory molecules of different subsets of phagocytic cells, with the MHC II+ and CD80+ bead+ cell population containing the DC based on the absence of phagosomal acidification. LPS-bead+ cells were present in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, suggesting local induction of immune responses [J Immunol 2012]. We then studied humoral immune responses following primary and secondary influenza infection. As expected, IgM responses predominated during primary infection. Antiviral IgA and IgY responses were induced both locally in the lung and systemically in the spleen. Responses in the lung preceded responses in the spleen, indicating that respiratory immune responses were locally in the lung [Dev Comp Imm 2010]. When chickens were aerosolized or intranasally vaccinated with adjuvanted WIV no AIV-specific Ab-responses were detected. However, the vaccine did enter the RT as cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B)-specific antibodies were detected in chickens vaccinated with the CT-B-adjuvanted vaccine and therefore the adjuvanted aerosol vaccination technique is in principle feasible to use [Vet Imm Immpathol]. As in our hands a respiratory applied WIV vaccine did not induce an AIV-specific antibody response, future research for mucosal vaccination strategies should focus on alternatives such as enhancing retention time through the use mucoadhesives, application of immunomodulatory compounds suitable for the mucosae, and increase the Ag uptake by the selective targeting of RT-DC subsets. Finally, we characterized the antibody responses against virus glycan epitopes using glycan-arrays and identified immunogenic virus antigens. To increase our understanding of the interaction between avian influenza virus and its chicken host, we identified receptors for putative avian influenza virus glycan determinants on chicken dendritic cells based on glycan-binding properties and C-type lectin receptor (CLR) mRNA expression. In conclusion, a step towards the understanding of the immune system in the respiratory tract of the chicken has been made and will contribute to the rational design of novel vaccines for mucosal vaccination against AIV

Induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken; implications for development of mucosal avian influenza virus vaccines

The risk and the size of an outbreak of avian influenza virus (AIV) could be restricted by vaccination of poultry. A vaccine used for rapid intervention during an AIV outbreak should be safe, highly effective after a single administration and suitable for mass application. In the case of AIV, aerosol vaccination using live virus is not desirable because of its zoonotic potential and because of the risk for virus reassortment. The rational design of novel mucosal-inactivated vaccines against AIV requires a comprehensive knowledge of the structure and function of the lung-associated immune system in birds in order to target vaccines appropriately and to design efficient mucosal adjuvants. This review addresses our current understanding of the induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken. Furthermore, possible mucosal vaccination strategies for AIV are highlighted

Informing relatives about their hereditary or familial cancer risk: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background Genetic counseling for hereditary breast or colon cancer has implications for both counselees and their relatives. Although counselees are encouraged by genetic counselors to disclose genetic cancer risk information, they do not always share this information with their at-risk relatives. Reasons for not informing relatives may be generally categorized as a lack of knowledge, motivation and/or self-efficacy. Presented here is the protocol of a randomized controlled trial that aims to establish the effectiveness of an intervention focused on supporting counselees in their disclosure of genetic cancer information to their relatives. Methods/Design A multicenter randomized controlled trial with parallel group design will be used to compare the effects of an additional telephone counseling session performed by psychosocial workers to enhance the disclosure of genetic cancer information to at-risk relatives (intervention group) with a control group of standard care. Consecutive index patients with relatives at risk for hereditary or familial breast and/or ovarian cancer or colon cancer, are randomly assigned (block size: 8; 1:1 allocation ratio) to the intervention (n = 132) or control group (n = 132, standard care). Primary outcomes are counselees’ knowledge, motivation and self-efficacy regarding informing their relatives. Discussion This intervention may prove important in supporting counselees to disclose hereditary and/or familial cancer risk information to at-risk relatives and may enable more at-risk relatives to make a well-informed decision regarding genetic services and/or screening. Trial registration This trial is registered in the Netherlands National Trial Register (NTR) with trial ID number NTR3745

Immunization with mannosylated peptide induces poor T cell effector functions despite enhanced antigen presentation.

In this study, we investigated the development of T cell responses in mice after administration of a mannosylated ovalbumin peptide (M-OVA323-339). Immunization with M-OVA323-339 in complete adjuvant resulted in enhanced antigen presentation in draining lymph nodes. Monitoring the fate of CFSE-labeled ovalbumin peptide-specific TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells revealed that immunization with M-OVA323-339 induced normal clonal expansion, recirculation and CD62L expression of antigen-specific T cells in vivo. However, these T cells developed only poor effector functions, reflected by minimal IFN-γ production, low IgG2a levels in serum and poor peptide-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. This diminished inflammatory response was associated with decreased infiltration of T cell blasts and macrophages. Importantly, also mice with functional effector T cells did not mount a robust DTH response after a challenge with M-OVA323-339 in the ear, although their T cells responded normally to M-OVA323-339 in vitro. In conclusion, mannosylated peptide induces proliferation of T cells with impaired Th1 cell effector functions and additionally abrogates the activity of pre-existing effector T cells. © The Japanese Society for Immunology. 2007. All rights reserved