Odnosi između braće i sestara i ličnost u ranom/srednjem djetinjstvu s roditeljskog stajališta

Sibling relationship and personality characteristics of 87 pre-school sibling dyads were measured twice one year apart. Using the Inventory of Child Individual Differences (Halverson et al., 2003), mothers and fathers rated their children’s personality traits. Parent-perceived warmth, agonism, and rivalry/competition in sibling relationship were assessed by Parental Expectations and Perceptions of Children\u27s Sibling Relationships Questionnaire (Kramer, 2001). The results suggest that (a) parental ratings of both siblings’ personality, and (b) match in their personalities are contemporaneously and longitudinally associated with parent-perceived sibling relationship dimensions. The relations were more consistent for negative than positive aspects of sibling relationship. Older siblings’ personality contributed somewhat more to the relationship than individual characteristics of younger ones. Across the cross-rater analyses and measurement occasions, disagreeableness was most consistently linked to sibling relationship. The role of siblings’ (dis)similarity in high or low end of particular personality traits in their relationship quality is also highlighted.Odnos između braće i sestara te obilježja ličnosti 87 dijada predškolske dobi mjereni su dva puta u razmaku od godine dana. Pomoću Inventara pojedinačnih razlika kod djece (Halverson i sur., 2003), majke i očevi ocijenili su obilježja ličnosti svoje djece. Roditeljska procjena topline, sukoba i suparništva/natjecanja u bratskim i sestrinskim odnosima ocijenjena je pomoću Upitnika roditeljskih očekivanja i percepcija bratskih i sestrinskih odnosa djece (Kramer, 2001). Rezultati su pokazali da su (a) roditeljska procjena obilježja ličnosti braće i sestara i (b) podudarnost njihovih ličnosti i u trenutku ispitivanja i longitudinalno povezani s roditeljskom percepcijom odnosa između braće i sestara. Povezanost je bila više dosljedna za negativne nego pozitivne aspekte odnosa braće i sestara. Ličnost starijeg brata ili sestre više je pridonosila odnosu od individualnih obilježja mlađeg brata ili sestre. Analize ocjenjivača i uvjeta mjerenja pokazale su veću povezanost osobine neugodnosti s odnosima braće i sestara. Također je naglašena vrijednost (ne)jednakosti braće i sestara na određenim obilježjima ličnosti za njihov odnos

Subjektivna dob tijekom odrasle dobi

Subjective age – defined as age felt – was measured in a sample of 782 respondents, aged between 18 and 89 years. Adults younger than 20 years had on average somewhat older subjective ages and those older than 20 reported younger subjective ages relative to their chronological age. The discrepancy between subjective age and actual age in years increased over adulthood. Differences for chronological age but not for gender and education were found in respondents reporting positive, negative and no subjective-actual age discrepancy. When the age discrepancy between subjective and actual age was considered as a proportion of chronological age, no increase was noted after the fourth decade of life; the respondents over 37 years felt about 15% younger than their actual age. Gender and education did not account for differences in the proportional age discrepancy with the full sample, whereas with the elderly subsample (N = 106) neither demographic variables (marital status, living arrangement and place of residence) nor five robust personality dimensions were linked to the discrepancy significantly. At the facet level, dominance and kindness were related to the proportional age discrepancy but a negligible portion of variance was explained.Subjektivna dob – definirana kao osjećaj dobi – mjerenja je na uzorku od 782 ispitanika u dobi od 18 do 89 godina. Odrasle osobe mlađe od 20 godina imale su, u prosjeku, nešto stariju subjektivnu dob, a oni stariji od 20 godina mlađu subjektivnu dob u skladu s kronološkom dobi. Razlika između subjektivne i stvarne dobi u godinama se povećala tijekom odrasle dobi. Razlike po kronološkoj dobi, ali ne po spolu i obrazovanju nađene su kod ispitanika koji su prijavili pozitivnu, negativnu ili nikakvu razliku između subjektivne i stvarne dobi. Kada se razmatrala razlika između subjektivne i stvarne dobi kao postotak kronološke dobi, nije uočeno povećanje nakon 4. desetljeća života, ispitanici stariji od 37 godina osjećali su se 15% mlađe od stvarne dobi. Spol i obrazovanje nisu utjecali na razlike u proporcionalnoj dobnoj razlici na punom uzorku, dok kod starijeg poduzorka (N = 106), ni demografske varijable (bračni status, životne okolnosti i mjesto stanovanja) ni pet osnovnih obilježja ličnosti nisu značajno povezani s razlikom. Na razini faceta, dominacija i ljubaznost povezane su s proporcionalnom dobnom razlikom, ali je objašnjen samo zanemariv dio varijance

Subjektivna dob tijekom odrasle dobi

Subjective age – defined as age felt – was measured in a sample of 782 respondents, aged between 18 and 89 years. Adults younger than 20 years had on average somewhat older subjective ages and those older than 20 reported younger subjective ages relative to their chronological age. The discrepancy between subjective age and actual age in years increased over adulthood. Differences for chronological age but not for gender and education were found in respondents reporting positive, negative and no subjective-actual age discrepancy. When the age discrepancy between subjective and actual age was considered as a proportion of chronological age, no increase was noted after the fourth decade of life; the respondents over 37 years felt about 15% younger than their actual age. Gender and education did not account for differences in the proportional age discrepancy with the full sample, whereas with the elderly subsample (N = 106) neither demographic variables (marital status, living arrangement and place of residence) nor five robust personality dimensions were linked to the discrepancy significantly. At the facet level, dominance and kindness were related to the proportional age discrepancy but a negligible portion of variance was explained.Subjektivna dob – definirana kao osjećaj dobi – mjerenja je na uzorku od 782 ispitanika u dobi od 18 do 89 godina. Odrasle osobe mlađe od 20 godina imale su, u prosjeku, nešto stariju subjektivnu dob, a oni stariji od 20 godina mlađu subjektivnu dob u skladu s kronološkom dobi. Razlika između subjektivne i stvarne dobi u godinama se povećala tijekom odrasle dobi. Razlike po kronološkoj dobi, ali ne po spolu i obrazovanju nađene su kod ispitanika koji su prijavili pozitivnu, negativnu ili nikakvu razliku između subjektivne i stvarne dobi. Kada se razmatrala razlika između subjektivne i stvarne dobi kao postotak kronološke dobi, nije uočeno povećanje nakon 4. desetljeća života, ispitanici stariji od 37 godina osjećali su se 15% mlađe od stvarne dobi. Spol i obrazovanje nisu utjecali na razlike u proporcionalnoj dobnoj razlici na punom uzorku, dok kod starijeg poduzorka (N = 106), ni demografske varijable (bračni status, životne okolnosti i mjesto stanovanja) ni pet osnovnih obilježja ličnosti nisu značajno povezani s razlikom. Na razini faceta, dominacija i ljubaznost povezane su s proporcionalnom dobnom razlikom, ali je objašnjen samo zanemariv dio varijance

Personality, life events, and three components of subsequent subjective well-being in Female University students

The study investigated the effect of personality traits (wave 1), change in personality traits over a one-year time period (from wave 1 to wave 2), and life events over the past year (wave 2 reports) on three components of female university students’ (N = 280; mean age 20.2 years) subsequent (wave 2) subjective well-being, i.e. emotional (EWB), psychological (PWB), and social (SoWB). We applied the Big Five Inventory to evaluate personality, the Scale of Significant Life Events in Emerging Adulthood to assess the number of life events and student-perceived influence of these events on their lives, and the Mental Health Continuum – Short Form to measure EWB, PWB, and SoWB. Each of the Big Five traits played a significant and somewhat different role in predicting subsequent levels of the components of well-being, over and beyond background variables. Baseline levels of Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and positive life events were associated with both EWB and PWB. Whereas an increase in Extraversion and a decrease in Neuroticism predicted EWB, an increase in Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness contributed to PWB. Baseline levels of Extraversion and an increase in Agreeableness were also predictive of SoWB. In support to the validity of the three-component model of well-being, the findings suggest the Big Five as a significant force in shaping different aspects of female students’ well-being differentially, whereas the important but not extremely adverse or favourable life events within the past year show little influence above the effects of personality

Procjena li8čnosti u ranom djetinjstvu kao pokazatelj razvojnih obilježja u posljednjoj predškolskoj godini

The study investigated the predictive validity of three-year-old children’s personality ratings by parents and pre-school teachers in explaining pre-schoolers’ (N = 253) social behaviour and intelligence two years later. Parental variables (education, self-reported parenting practices) and age of a child’s entry into pre-school were also accounted for but did not significantly contribute to the child outcomes. The reduced models with significant predictors explained 14%, 7%, 16% and 2% of variance in teacher reports on children’s social competence, internalising behaviour, externalising behaviour and non-verbal intelligence score, respectively. Early personality ratings were predictive of later outcomes in pre-schoolers. Teacher-rated child conscientiousness/openness was associated with social competence and low incidence of externalising behaviour in pre-school, whereas ratings of extraversion/emotional stability were negatively related to internalising but positively linked to children’s externalising behaviour. The latter was also predicted by teacher-observed early disagreeableness. Parents’ ratings of child extraversion predicted low levels of internalising behaviour in pre-school, and their perceptions of conscientiousness were predictive of children’s intelligence two years later.Istraživanje je proučavalo valjanost procjene ličnosti trogodišnje djece (N = 253) od strane roditelja i predškolskih odgajatelja u objašnjenju njihova socijalnog ponašanja i inteligencije dvije godine poslije. Roditeljske varijable (obrazovanje, stil roditeljstva) i dob djetetova ulaska u predškolski sustav objašnjene su, ali nisu značajno utjecale na djetetov ishod. Smanjeni modeli značajni su prediktori koji objašnjavaju 14, 7, 16 i 2% varijance u izvješću odgajatelja o socijalnoj kompetenciji djeteta, internalizirajućeg ponašanja, eksternalizirajućeg ponašanja i neverbalne inteligencije. Rana procjena ličnosti predviđala je kasnija obilježja djece predškolske dobi. Marljivost/otvorenost djece prema procjenama odgajatelja povezani su sa socijalnom kompetencijom i niskom incidencijom eksternalizirajućeg ponašanja u vrtiću, a procjene ekstraverzije/emocionalne stabilnosti negativno su korelirane s internalizacijom, ali pozitivno s eksternalizirajućim ponašanjem djeteta. Posljednje je također povezano s niskom razinom ugodnosti koju su uočili odgajatelji. Roditeljska ocjena dječje ekstraverzije predviđala je niske razine internalizirajućeg ponašanja u vrtiću, a njihove percepcije savjesnosti predviđale su inteligenciju djeteta dvije godine poslije

Personality traits predicting different aspects of subjective well-being in elderly adults

The study examined unique predictive relations of personality traits with three components of subjective well-being (WB) in a normative sample (N = 272; 70% females) of Slovene elderly (M = 71.82 years, SD = 6.03). Investigating the concurrent relationships, we relied on the Big Five personality model and the Keyes’s model of WB, which entails emotional well-being (EWB), psychological well-being (PWB), and social well-being (SoWB). We also considered the participants’ background characteristics (age, gender, marital status and educational level), and their subjective health status in predicting the components of WB. The respondents filled-in a scale of subjective health, constructed for the purpose of the study, the Big Five Inventory and the Mental Health Continuum – Short Form. The demographic characteristics did not significantly contribute to any aspect of WB, whereas self-reported health significantly improved the prediction of EWB and PWB. The Big Five uniquely predicted all of the components of WB, over and above demographics and subjective health. Agreeableness was a significant single predictor across the components of WB. Higher levels of conscientiousness and lower levels of neuroticism contributed to EWB. Conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness predicted PWB, and openness predicted SoWB

Koncentracije zdravilnih učinkovin v slovenskih komunalnih in bolnišničnih odpadnih vodah: preliminarna raziskava

Pharmaceuticals in wastewater have clearly raised concern and a broad range of analytical methods has been used to assess the risk as accurately as possible. The aim of our study was to measure and compare the concentrations of atorvastatin, bisoprolol, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, clofibric acid, diclofenac, fluoxetine, metoprolol, and sertraline in wastewater samples taken from one municipal and one hospital wastewater treatment plant in Slovenia and to predict the potential environmental burden using the risk quotient. In both effluents only clofibric acid and fluoxetine were not detected. The measured concentrations of the remaining seven pharmaceuticals varied between the ng L-1 and the μg L-1 range. Hospital effluent showed higher concentrations, except for diclofenac and carbamazepine. However, high risk quotient was found only for ciprofloxacin and diclofenac in both municipal and hospital effluent. In conclusion, our method can provide a useful tool for systematic monitoring of pharmaceuticals commonly found in wastewater, which will enable a reliable assessment of the risks for the aquatic biota and humans. Knowing the risks will help to plan wastewater treatment and preserve our environment.Koncentracije zdravilnih učinkovin v slovenskih komunalnih in bolnišničnih odpadnih vodah: preliminarna raziskava. Pojavljanje ostankov zdravilnih učinkovin v odpadnih vodah postaja vedno bolj aktualna tematika in posledično se širi nabor analiznih metod, ki omogočajo natančno ugotavljanje njihove prisotnosti in služijo kot orodje za napovedovanje tveganja teh onesnažil v vodnem okolju. Namen naše raziskave je bil kvantitativno ovrednotiti prisotnost izbranih zdravilnih učinkovin (atorvastatin, bisoprolol, ciprofloksacin, diklofenak, fluoksetin karbamazepin, klofibrinska kislina, metoprolol in sertralin) na iztoku ene komunalne in ene bolnišnične čistilne naprave. Na osnovi meritev koncentracij smo z uporabo količnika tveganja ocenili okoljsko breme vključenih spojin. Ugotovili smo prisotnost sedmih zdravilnih učinkovin, medtem ko klofibrinske kisline in fluoksetina nismo zaznali v nobenem vzorcu. Izmerjene koncentracije so bile v širokem koncentracijskem območju (od ng L-1 do μg L-1), praviloma višje v bolnišnični odpadni vodi, z izjemo diklofenaka in karbamazepina. Izračunan količnik tveganja nakazuje na visoko tveganje za ciprofloksacin in diklofenak v vseh analiziranih vzorcih odpadnih voda. Raziskava je pokazala, da je razvita metoda primerno orodje za nadaljnje študije, ki bodo na podlagi sistematičnega spremljanja teh novodobnih onesnažil v odpadnih vodah omogočile zanesljivejšo oceno tveganja za izpostavljene vodne organizme in tudi za zdravje ljudi. Poznavanje teh tveganj bo prispevalo k načrtovanju ustrezne tehnologije čiščenja odpadnih voda in posledično k ohranjanju čistega in zdravega okolja

Poznavanje dejstev in zmotna prepričanja o starejših: Implikacije za izobraževanje in delo s starejšimi

Knowledge of the characteristics of psychological functioning in the elderly is a precondition for preservation and improvement of their competences, welfare and inclusion in the society. This article presents the findings of the Slovene research study about the knowledge of the facts concerning aging and the characteristics of the elderly, based on an extensive sample of adults of different ages and of different educational backgrounds. Acquaintance with the facts concerning the elderly grows with the level of education; the young during the period of transition into adulthood on the one hand and older people on the other, however, tend to have a lower awareness of the relevant facts. In general, understanding of the psychological aspects of aging, the characteristics of the elderly and their ability to learn, change and work is relatively low. Most adults are familiar with the facts concerning the physical condition, health and some peculiarities of psychological functioning in the elderly. However, mistaken beliefs reflecting negative attitudes to aging and older people are relatively wide­spread, especially with regard to the cognitive, or rather, a wider range of psycho­social functioning of the elderly. Therefore, we believe that both formal and informal education require provision of appropriate information for adults.Poznavanje značilnosti psihološkega delovanja starejših je prvi pogoj za razvijanje načinov ohranjanja in izboljšanja njihove kompetentnosti, blagostanja in vključevanja v družbo. V prispevku predstavljamo ugotovitve slovenske raziskave o poznavanju dejstev o staranju in značilnostih starejših oseb pri velikem vzorcu različno starih in različno izobraženih odraslih. Z ravnjo izobrazbe se poznavanje dejstev o starejših povečuje, mladi na prehodu v odraslost in starostniki pa v primerjavi s posamezniki v zgodnji in srednji odraslosti poznajo nekoliko manj teh dejstev. V splošnem je poznavanje psihološkega vidika staranja, značilnosti starejših in njihovih potencialov za učenje, spreminjanje in delo na razmeroma nizki ravni. Večina odraslih pozna dejstva o telesnem stanju, zdravju in nekaterih posebnostih psihološkega delovanja starejših. Precej razširjena pa so zmotna prepričanja, ki odražajo negativne stereotipe o staranju in starejših osebah, zlasti na področju spoznavnega, oziroma širše, psihosocialnega delovanja starejših. Na tej podlagi menimo, da je za formalno in neformalno izobraževanje pomembno ustrezno informiranje odraslih

A “Crossomics” Study Analysing Variability of Different Components in Peripheral Blood of Healthy Caucasoid Individuals

Background: Different immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases are being developed and tested in clinical studies worldwide. Their resulting complex experimental data should be properly evaluated, therefore reliable normal healthy control baseline values are indispensable. Methodology/Principal Findings: To assess intra- and inter-individual variability of various biomarkers, peripheral blood of 16 age and gender equilibrated healthy volunteers was sampled on 3 different days within a period of one month. Complex "crossomics'' analyses of plasma metabolite profiles, antibody concentrations and lymphocyte subset counts as well as whole genome expression profiling in CD4(+)T and NK cells were performed. Some of the observed age, gender and BMI dependences are in agreement with the existing knowledge, like negative correlation between sex hormone levels and age or BMI related increase in lipids and soluble sugars. Thus we can assume that the distribution of all 39.743 analysed markers is well representing the normal Caucasoid population. All lymphocyte subsets, 20% of metabolites and less than 10% of genes, were identified as highly variable in our dataset. Conclusions/Significance: Our study shows that the intra- individual variability was at least two-fold lower compared to the inter-individual one at all investigated levels, showing the importance of personalised medicine approach from yet another perspective