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Table_1_Metagenomics reveals the abundance and accumulation trend of antibiotic resistance gene profile under long-term no tillage in a rainfed agroecosystem.pdf

Widespread soil resistance can seriously endanger sustainable food production and soil health. Conservation tillage is a promising practice for improving soil structure and health. However, the impact of long-term no-tillage on the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in agricultural soils remains unexplored. Based on the long-term (>11 yr) tillage experimental fields that include both conservation tillage practices [no tillage (ZT)] and conventional tillage practices [plough tillage (PT)], we investigated the accumulation trend of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in farmland soils under long-term no-tillage conditions. We aimed to provide a scientific basis for formulating agricultural production strategies to promote ecological environment safety and human health. In comparison to PT, ZT led to a considerable reduction in the relative abundance of both antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic target gene families in the soil. Furthermore, the abundance of all ARGs were considerably lower in the ZT soil. The classification of drug resistance showed that ZT substantially decreased the relative abundance of Ethambutol (59.97%), β-lactams (44.87%), Fosfomycin (35.82%), Sulfonamides (34.64%), Polymyxins (33.67%), MLSB (32.78%), Chloramphenicol (28.57%), Multi-drug resistance (26.22%), Efflux pump (23.46%), Aminoglycosides (16.79%), Trimethoprim (13.21%), Isoniazid (11.34%), Fluoroquinolone (6.21%) resistance genes, compared to PT soil. In addition, the abundance of the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes decreased considerably. The Mantel test indicated that long-term ZT practices substantially increased the abundance of beneficial microbial flora and inhibited the enrichment of ARGs in soil by improving soil microbial diversity, metabolic activity, increasing SOC, TN, and available Zn, and decreasing pH. Overall, long-term no-tillage practices inhibit the accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes in farmland soil, which is a promising agricultural management measure to reduce the accumulation risk of soil ARGs.</p

β‑C-Glycosylation with 2‑Oxindole Acceptors via Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Reactions

This report describes a highly efficient β-selective C-glycosylation of bicyclic galactals with 2-oxindoles through a palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative pathway. A variety of substrates representing both glycosyl donors and acceptors could be transformed in greater than 90% yields under mild reaction conditions. The decarboxylation intermediate of galactal could serve as an efficient base to deprotonate the enol tautomer of 2-oxindole and enhance its nucleophilicity. The β-selective nucleophilic addition at the anomeric center originates from the steric hindrance imposed by the palladium and bulky ligand

Additional file 2: Table S1. of Compound heterozygous mutations in electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase identified in a young Chinese woman with late-onset glutaric aciduria type II

Summary of three GA II patients with compound heterozygous mutations including p.S307C. (DOCX 20 kb

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Compound heterozygous mutations in electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase identified in a young Chinese woman with late-onset glutaric aciduria type II

Histological findings of a control case. (TIFF 16416 kb

A major family expansion of serpins and their phylogenetic relationships with the serpins from other insect species

The sequences of 29 (Tc), 3 (Dm), 3 (Ag), 4 (Am) and 5 (Ms) serpins are compared. serpin2 (758 residues) and serpin26 (568 residues), much longer than a typical serpin (40-50 kDa), are excluded from the analysis. For simplicity, serpins 1b, 15a, 20b and 28a are also eliminated because they are products of alternative splicing of the genes 1a, 15b, 20a and 28b, which differ only in the region coding for reactive site loop. As shown in the tree (left panel), extensive expansion gives rise to this group of highly similar genes (shaded blue) located in a small chromosomal region (right panel). Pink arrowheads at nodes denote bootstrap values greater than 800 for 1,000 trials. Putative 1:1, 1:1:1 or 1:1:1:1 orthologous relationship is indicated by green bars connecting the group members.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Comparative genomic analysis of the immune system"</p><p>http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/8/R177</p><p>Genome Biology 2007;8(8):R177-R177.</p><p>Published online 29 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2375007.</p><p></p

Phylogenetic relationships of Toll-like receptors from five insect species

The sequences of nine (Tc), nine (Dm), six (Ag), five (Am), and two (Aa) Toll-related proteins are compared. Species-specific family expansion is shaded yellow for and blue for . Nodes with pink arrowheads have bootstrap values exceeding 800 from 1,000 trials, and green lines connect putative orthologs with 1:1, 1:1:1 or 1:1:1:1 relationship. Note that Toll-9 does not have a Toll/interleukin1 receptor domain.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Comparative genomic analysis of the immune system"</p><p>http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/8/R177</p><p>Genome Biology 2007;8(8):R177-R177.</p><p>Published online 29 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2375007.</p><p></p

Evolutionary relationships of the coleoptericins (left panel) and defensins (right panel)

The alignment of mature antimicrobial peptide sequences is used to build the phylogenetic trees on which their genus names are indicated. The beetle coleoptericins and defensins are divided into two subgroups (shaded blue and pink), whereas the more primitive defensins (shaded grey) are found in many arthropod species. Note that the blue clades include , and whereas the pink clades both contain and . Pink arrowheads at nodes denote bootstrap values greater than 800 from 1,000 trials. This analysis uses sequences from the orders of Coleoptera (, , , , , , , , ), Diptera (, , , , , ), Lepidoptera (, ), Hemiptera (), Hymenoptera (, , ), Neuroptera (), Ordonata () and Scopiones (, ).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Comparative genomic analysis of the immune system"</p><p>http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/8/R177</p><p>Genome Biology 2007;8(8):R177-R177.</p><p>Published online 29 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2375007.</p><p></p

Real-time PCR analysis of expression of immunity-related genes in adults 24 h after injections of (

), (.), (.), (.), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Uninjured insects (-) were used as another negative control. With green, black and red colors representing low, intermediate and high transcript levels, respectively, relative mRNA abundances were used to cluster samples by average-linker clustering.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Comparative genomic analysis of the immune system"</p><p>http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/8/R177</p><p>Genome Biology 2007;8(8):R177-R177.</p><p>Published online 29 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2375007.</p><p></p

Reversal of Muscle Atrophy by Zhimu-Huangbai Herb-Pair via Akt/mTOR/FoxO3 Signal Pathway in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

<div><p>Skeletal muscle atrophy is one of the serious complications of diabetes. Zhimu-Huangbai herb-pair (ZB) is widely used in Chinese traditional medicine formulas for treating Xiaoke (known as diabetes) and its complications. However, the effect of ZB on reversal of muscle atrophy and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this research, we investigated the effect and possible mechanisms of ZB on skeletal muscle atrophy in diabetic mice. Animal model of diabetic muscle atrophy was developed by high fat diet (HFD) feeding plus streptozotocin (STZ) injection. After oral adminstration of ZB for 6 weeks, the effects of ZB on reversal of muscle atrophy and the underlying mechanisms were evaluated by biochemical, histological and western blot methods. The skeletal muscle weight, strength, and cross-sectional area of diabetic mice were significantly increased by ZB treatment. Biochemical results showed that ZB treatment reduced the serum glucose level, and elevated the serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin levels significantly compared with untreated diabetic group. The western blot results showed that ZB activated the mTOR signal pathway, shown as increased phosphorylations (p-) of Akt, mTOR, Raptor, S6K1 and reduced Foxo3 expression compared with the model group. ZB could reverse muscle atrophy in diabetic mice. This may be through activation of mTOR signaling pathway that promotes protein synthesis, and inactivation foxo3 protein that inhibits protein degradation. These findings suggested that ZB may be considered as a potential candidate drug in treatment of diabetic muscle atrophy.</p></div