An investigation of interoperability issues between authorisation systems within web services

The existing authorisation systems within the context of Web Services mainly apply two access control approaches – Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC). The RBAC approach links an authenticated Web Service Requester to its specific access control permission through roles, but RBAC is not flexible enough to cater for some cases where extra attribute information is needed in addition to the identity. By contrast, the ABAC approach has more flexibility, as it allows a Web Service Requester to submit necessary credentials containing extra attribute information that can fulfil the policies declared by a Web Service Provider, which aims to protect the sensitive resources/services.RBAC and ABAC can only help to establish a unilateral trust relationship between two Web Services to enable a Web Service Provider to make an access control decision. Unfortunately, the nature of Web Services presents a high probability that two Web Services may not know each other. Therefore, successful authorisation may fail, if the Web Service Requester does not trust the Web Service Provider.Trust Negotiation (TN) is also an access control approach, which can provide a bilateral trust relationship between two unknown entities, so it sometimes can enable authorisation success in situations where success is not possible through RBAC or ABAC approaches. However, interoperability issues will arise between authorisation systems within Web Services, where a bilateral trust-based authorisation solution is applied. In addition, a lack of a unified approach that can address the interoperability issues remains as a research problem. This research aims to explore possible factors causing the lack of interoperability first, and then to explore an approach that can address the interoperability issues. The main contributions of this research are an improved interoperability model illustrating interoperability issues at different layers of abstraction, and a novel interoperability-solution design along with an improved TN protocol as an example of utilising this design to provide interoperability between authorisation systems within Web Services

Characterization of Vitamin B12 Supplementation and Correlation with Clinical Outcomes in a Large Longitudinal Study of Early Parkinson's Disease.

ObjectiveIn Parkinson's disease (PD), vitamin B12 levels are lower, and comorbid B12 deficiency has been associated with the development of neuropathy and early gait instability. Because little is known about B12 supplement use in PD, we sought to evaluate its use in a large PD cohort and, as an exploratory analysis, to determine whether baseline characteristics or disease progression differed according to B12 supplementation.MethodsWe utilized data collected as part of the National Institutes of Health Exploratory Trials in PD (NET-PD) Long-term Study (LS-1), a longitudinal study of 1,741 participants. We stratified subjects into 4 groups according to daily supplement use: no B12, multivitamin (MVI) containing < 100 μg B12, B12 ≥ 100 μg, and MVI + B12 ≥ 100 μg. Clinical outcomes were assessed at 3 years for each group using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), its subscores, and selected individual questions.ResultsOf the 1,147 participants who completed the 3-year visit, 41% took an MVI, 2% took B12, 3% took MVI + B12, and 54% reported taking no supplements. At 3 years, no significant differences in clinical outcomes were observed. However, there was a trend toward lower hazard ratios for developing sensory symptoms (UPDRS Item 17) in the MVI (p = 0.08) and B12 + MVI (p = 0.08) groups compared to that in the no supplement group.ConclusionThese results show that supplementation with vitamin B12 ≥ 100 μg is uncommon in early PD. The finding of a trend toward a lower hazard ratio for the development of sensory symptoms in those taking an MVI or B12 + MVI warrants further study

Connotation and Structure of University Students’ Marriage Values

Marriage values refer to various conditions of individual marriage in the field of selection and consideration, also the individual values reflected in the marriage. The results show that, the connotation of marriage values of college students relates to economy, material foundation, emotion, personality, character, appearance and other factors; college students marriage values has structure model of second order and 5 factors, including intrinsic spiritual needs, external reality requires two second order factors and the economic and material foundation, interest and personality, feelings and beliefs, aesthetic needs, personality and for the five first-order factors. Reliability and validity test and confirmatory factor analysis show that, college students’ marriage values scale has good reliability and validity, and can be used as the college students’ psychological measurement meter

Characterization of vitamin D supplementation and clinical outcomes in a large cohort of early Parkinson's disease.

BackgroundVitamin D (VitD) deficiency is common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and has been raised as a possible PD risk factor. In the past decade, VitD supplementation for potential prevention of age related conditions has become more common. In this study, we sought to characterize VitD supplementation in early PD and determine as an exploratory analysis whether baseline characteristics or disease progression differed according to reported VitD use.MethodsWe analyzed data from the National Institutes of Health Exploratory Trials in Parkinson's Disease (NET-PD) Long-term study (LS-1), a longitudinal study of 1741 participants. Subjects were divided into following supplement groups according to subject exposure (6 months prior to baseline and during the study): no VitD supplement, multivitamin (MVI), VitD ≥400 IU/day, and VitD + multivitamin (VitD+MVI). Clinical status was followed using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, total daily levodopa equivalent dose, and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire.ResultsAbout 5% of subjects took VitD alone, 7% took VitD+MVI, 34% took MVI alone, while 54% took no supplement. Clinical outcomes at 3 years were similar across all groups.ConclusionThis study shows VitD supplementation ≥400 IU/day was not common in early PD and that its use was similar to that seen in the US population. At 3 years, there was no difference in disease progression according to vitamin D supplement use

The influence of employees' perception of over-qualification on career compromise: Mediated by role conflict and sense of relative deprivation

In the external environment with the increasing level of education, there is a general phenomenon of excess qualification in the employment market. This research discusses employee career compromise from the perspective of employee over-qualification based on resource conservation theory and self-regulation theory. Combined with the survey data, a structural equation model (SEM) is constructed, and the mediation effect of relative deprivation and role conflict is analyzed according to the causal mediation model. The research find that employees' perception of over-qualification has three ways to affect employees' career compromise. First, employees' perception of over-qualification has a significant positive impact on their career compromise behavior through employees' emotions and self-cognition. Second, role conflict plays a partial intermediary role between the perception of over-qualification and career compromise by positively affecting career compromise behavior. Third, the sense of relative deprivation plays a partial intermediary role between the perception of over-qualification and career compromise by negatively affecting career compromise behavior. According to the research conclusions, the following suggestions are put forward. Enterprises need to establish a scientific employment mechanism to achieve talent-post matching and fundamentally reduce the phenomenon of over-qualifications. The company should pay attention to employee training, actively guide employees' career planning, instruct employees to correctly understand the sense of over-qualification and play a positive role in guiding employees' career planning

Association of metabolic syndrome and change in Unified Parkinson\u27s Disease Rating Scale scores.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between metabolic syndrome and the Unified Parkinson\u27s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores and, secondarily, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of data from 1,022 of 1,741 participants of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Exploratory Clinical Trials in Parkinson Disease Long-Term Study 1, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of creatine. Participants were categorized as having or not having metabolic syndrome on the basis of modified criteria from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Those who had the same metabolic syndrome status at consecutive annual visits were included. The change in UPDRS and SDMT scores from randomization to 3 years was compared in participants with and without metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: Participants with metabolic syndrome (n = 396) compared to those without (n = 626) were older (mean [SD] 63.9 [8.1] vs 59.9 [9.4] years; p \u3c 0.0001), were more likely to be male (75.3% vs 57.0%; p \u3c 0.0001), and had a higher mean uric acid level (men 5.7 [1.3] vs 5.3 [1.1] mg/dL, women 4.9 [1.3] vs 3.9 [0.9] mg/dL, p \u3c 0.0001). Participants with metabolic syndrome experienced an additional 0.6- (0.2) unit annual increase in total UPDRS (p = 0.02) and 0.5- (0.2) unit increase in motor UPDRS (p = 0.01) scores compared with participants without metabolic syndrome. There was no difference in the change in SDMT scores. CONCLUSIONS: Persons with Parkinson disease meeting modified criteria for metabolic syndrome experienced a greater increase in total UPDRS scores over time, mainly as a result of increases in motor scores, compared to those who did not. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: NCT00449865

Variable Selection and Imputation for High-Dimensional Incomplete Data

Missing data are an inevitable problem in data with numerous variables. The presence of missing data obstructs the implementation of the existing variable selection methods. This is especially an issue for data with a limited number of observations or no complete case. Applicable and efficient selection with imputation methods is needed for such data to obtain valid results. The goal of this study is to propose approaches to select important variables from incomplete high-dimensional data. This study involves using the joint model for imputation in high-dimensional settings, and the clustering strategy is employed for the final subset selection. In addition, we consider mixed data with both continuous and binary variables into account by their normal approximations. The approaches are applied to clinical trial data from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Exploratory Trials in Parkinson\u27s Disease Long-term Study 1(NET-PD LS-1). Simulation study and analysis results are presented and compared with other possible approaches. The proposed approaches can be applied to data from diverse types of clinical trials or biomedical data sets

La protection, la réutilisation et la valorisation de l’ancien complexe sidérurgique Shougang de Pékin

Cette étude s’intéresse à la protection, la réutilisation et à la valorisation de l’ancien complexe sidérurgique Shougang de Pékin. Depuis l’arrêt de ses activités sidérurgiques en 2010, le complexe est toujours présent dans le paysage pékinois, autour du Mont Shijing. L’ensemble des caractéristiques de ce site, comme son histoire et sa proximité avec l’histoire de la Chine, son état de conservation actuel, sa gestion et son organisation, ses dimensions ou encore les financements pour sa protection et les projets de réutilisations, sont observées. Celles-ci permettront de juger si l’ancien complexe sidérurgique Shougang de Pékin peut devenir un patrimoine historique reconnu non seulement en Chine, mais aussi dans le monde entier. Le patrimoine industriel est un domaine très récent en Chine et il n’existe pas de construction de ce type reconnu mondialement en tant que patrimoine historique. L’étude de l’ancien complexe sidérurgique Shougang de Pékin peut donc apporter beaucoup d’éléments de réponse pour lui-même mais aussi pour le patrimoine industriel chinois en général