Review of National Employment Policy of Ethiopia: Reference to Labor Proclamation 1156/2019

DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/10-3-03 Publication date:March 31st 2020   1. Introduction A policy is a definite course or method of action selected (by government, institution, group or individual) from among alternatives and in the light of given conditions to guide and, usually, to determine present and future decisions (Webster's dictionary). Public Policy is a statement by government on what it intends to do or not to do such as law, regulation, decision or order, or a combination of these that govern a particular issue areas or problem (Birkland, 2001:9). Public policy may refer to what government intends to do to achieve certain goals. This definition makes public policy look like a mere decision. That is to say that mere declaration of intentions, wishes, principles, or expression of desires cannot be called public policy. Public policy should mean actual resource allocation presented by projects and programs designed to respond to perceived public problems and challenges requiring government action for their solution. That is, it should mean hard patterns of resource allocation presented by projects and programs designed to respond to perceived public demands. This conception of public policy can be identified with a political scientist, James E. Anderson who defines policy as a relatively stable, purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors in dealing with a problem or a matter of concern (Anderson, 1997). This statement focuses on what is actually done instead of what is only proposed or intended, and it differentiates a policy from mere decision, which is essentially a choice among competing alternatives. Public policy, therefore, is that policy developed and implemented by government agency and officials, though non-state actors and factors may influence its process. A country like Ethiopia with abundant labor force is, thus, required of to have a right employment policy in place in order to effectively use its growing labor force in a productive manner. In this regard the country is exerting efforts to make sure that new entrants to the labor force are equipped with the necessary knowledge, skill, and attitude that the economy needs. Micro and Small Enterprises have strategic relevance for employment creation, poverty reduction, rural-urban linkages, and for the growth of the private sector. A considerable number of permanent and temporary employment opportunities are being created as a result of the appropriate investment policy of the country attracting the private sector and also due to public investments especially in infrastructure, urban development, and housing construction

Camel Trypanosomosis: A Review on Diagnostic Approaches and

Trypanosoma evansi causes a trypanosomosis known as ‘surra’. It affects a large number of wild and domesticated animal species in the world. The principal host species varies geographically, but camels are particularly affected. It is an arthropod-borne disease; several species of haematophagous flies, including Tabanids and Stomoxys, are implicated in transferring infection as mechanical vectors. In Brazil, vampire bats are also involved in a unique type of biological transmission. The general clinical signs of T. evansi infection are not sufficiently pathognomonic for diagnosis. Laboratory methods for detecting the parasite are required. In early infection, when the parasitaemia is high, examination of wet blood films, stained blood smears or lymph node materials can reveal the trypanosomes from blood or lymph samples. In more chronic cases, when the parasitaemia is low, examination of thick blood smears, as well as inoculation of laboratory rodents are required. Several primer pairs targeting the subgenus or the species-specific (T. evansi) parasitic DNA sequences are available for diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA probe. Serological tests using specific antibody responses and a variety of antibody detection tests have been introduced for laboratory and field uses. The most relevant are immunofluorescence test (IFAT), enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi). T. evansi, like other pathogenic trypanosomes induce a generalized immune-suppression of both humoral antibody response and T-cell mediated immune responses. As a result, in the long term, the host's immune responses fail and it succumbs to either the overwhelming parasite load or to secondary infection, consequently leading to occurrence of the trypanosome-induced immunopathology. Keywords: Immune suppression, molecular, parasitological, Serological, Trypanosome evans

Determinants of Participation in Non-farm Activities among Rural Farm Households in Ambo District of West Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

This study examined the determinants of non-farm economic activities participation decisions among rural farm households in Ambo district of West Shoa zone of Oromia region, Ethiopia. The research design adopted in this study was cross-sectional field survey from which a total of 300 rural farm households drawn. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression model were applied to investigate the effect of various factors on the decision to participate in non-farm economic activities. The logistic results show that gender, marital status of household head, dependency ratio, skill, access to credit and distance to the nearest market were found to be the key factors that significantly influenced rural farming household’s decisions to participate in non-farm activities. Women and married headed rural farm households were more likely to participate in non-farm activities. Transferable skill and access to credit also have positive influence on rural farm household decision to participate in non-farm activities. High dependency ratio and a long distance from the house to nearest market have strong negative effect on the decision to participate in remunerative non-farm activities. According to the descriptive result, the major non-farm economic activities that help rural households in the study area comprise selling of foods and drinks, retail shop, selling of wood and charcoal, trade in grain general, weaving, boutique, and craft work. The study has also identified factors that lead households to participate in non-farm activities. They include low income from farming activities, land inadequacy, soil fertility or productivity, growing family size, and increased opportunities. Thus, while this study is not advocating for non-farm economic activities as a substitute to farming, non-farm work could be a reliable complement to farming activities. Policies that aim to increase the non-farm work participation decisions of family members should take into consideration the difference in responses to the various factors that affect the non-farm activities decisions of rural farm households. Keywords: Determinants, Participation, Non-farm activities, Rural Households, Logit Model DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-4-04 Publication date: February 28th 202

Challenges and Prospects of Local Development Plan Implementation in Dire Dawa: The Case of Kezira City Center

In the history of Ethiopian urban development, planned urban development is a recent phenomenon especially in Dire Dawa. In the past, many endeavors were made to guide the development of Dire Dawa in a planned manner. For instance, Kezira is the first urban center in Ethiopia developed with a proper plan since the beginning of the ‘Gezira’ plan of 1909. Recently, various local development plans have been developed as a means to realize the structure plan of the city. However,  so  far  no  study  has  been  conducted  that  critically  analyzes the implementation challenges of the Local Development Plans in Dire Dawa. The purpose of this study is therefore to assess the administrative challenges and prospects in the implementation of Kezira Local Development Plan (LDP) in Dire Dawa City. To this effect, three research questions were employed to guide the study. These were: 1) what are the major factors that necessitate LDP in the city; 2) what are the administrative challenges hindering the implementation of Kezira LDP; and 3) what are the major prospects in the realization of LDPs in the city? Moreover, two data gathering techniques: simple random sampling and purposive sampling were used to obtain relevant data required for the study. In the primary data gathering technique, questionnaire that were designed and distributed to Kezira residents were used. For further elaboration, interviews were conducted with selected officials and experts from Dire Dawa Land Development and Management Bureau. Secondary data from different sources were employed. The data gathered from both primary and secondary sources were analyzed using descriptive and statistical methods such as percentages, tables, charts, and photos. The results of the study indicated that factors like centrality, strategic, and comparative and competitive advantages of the study area necessitated LDP intervention. Lack of adequate and experienced professional staff, poor documentation of plan implementation records, shortage of budget, lack of commitment of management and lack of political attention for public concerns, proliferation of rent seeking attitudes, lack of operational manuals and procedures, and the existence of significant number of bi-national properties (belonging to Ethiopia and Djibouti) such as housings in the study area were major challenges encountered in Kezira LDP implementation. The major prospects for the implementation of LDP in the city were the redevelopment, and other policy and regulatory interventions being made by the Federal and the City Administration of Dire Dawa. Finally, based on the analysis and conclusions, possible recommendations were suggested for alleviating the major challenges of LDP implementation in the study area. Thus, it is recommended that the Land Development Management Bureau should work in collaboration with the community and other relevant stakeholders and exert all possible efforts to mitigate the challenges and thereby enhance the performance of LDP projects in the city in general. Keywords: Urban Development, Kezira, Local Development Plan. DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-2-03 Publication date: February 29th 202

The Role of Socio-demographic Variables, Sexual Relationship, Marital Stability, Marital Communication and Marital Conflict Resolution in Marital Satisfaction among Married Individuals in Nifas Silk Lafto Sub-City of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016

Background: Intact and harmonious marital relationships are required not only for the mental health of the individual but also for children and thus, for the society in the broader sense. But unsatisfying and stressful marital relations lead to increased emotional disturbances and marital disruption. This study aimed to assess the role of socio-demographic, sexual relationship, marital stability, marital communication and marital conflict resolution in marital satisfaction among married individuals. Methods: The target population for this study was all heterosexual married individuals, legally bound by the state of marriage as husband and wife. Quantitative research design and a systematic sampling technique along with a simple random sampling technique were employed to select 326 households. Frequency and percentages, means, standard deviations, Pearson correlation, independent sample T-test, one-way ANOVA and hierarchical multiple linear regressions were all used to compute sample statistic.................DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/62-02 Publication date:October 31st 2020

Customer Satisfaction and Public Service Delivery: The Case of Dire Dawa Administration

The issue of service delivery is becoming a global concern that demands continuous reform to fit the turbulent environment and changing customer needs. Efficient and effective services delivery is now a prominent agenda of most countries including Ethiopia. The demand for effective and efficient delivery of services requires fundamental change involving both institutional and cultural changes. Hence, measuring the level of satisfaction provides an indication of how successful organizations are at providing services, and is taken as effective outcome measure. Several researches have been conducted on the subject matter; however, most of them were focusing on private sectors such as insurance, hotel, bank and the like. Few are studied on public service organizations. Moreover, so far no study has been conducted that critically analyzes the state of customer satisfaction on service delivery of public service organizations in Dire Dawa Administration. The purpose of this study is therefore to assess customer satisfaction on service delivery of public service organizations in Dire Dawa Administration. To this effect, four research questions were employed to guide the study. These were: 1) what are the levels of customer satisfaction of public service organizations in Dire Dawa Administration? 2) What are the extents of the service delivery process in public service organizations (in terms of Assurance, Reliability, Tangibility, Empathy, and Responsiveness)? 3) What are the relationships between service delivery dimensions and customer satisfaction? 4) What are the major problems that exist in the service delivery process of public service organizations in Dire Dawa Administration? In addition, two data gathering techniques: systematic random sampling and purposive sampling were used to obtain relevant data required for the study. In the primary data gathering technique, questionnaire that were designed and distributed to customers and employees were used. For further elaboration, key informant interviews were conducted with selected officials from the sample organizations. Secondary data from different sources were employed. The data gathered from both primary and secondary sources were analyzed and presented using descriptive and statistical methods such as means, frequencies, percentages, tables and charts. The results of the study indicated that the five service delivery dimensions and customer satisfaction were positively correlated; the general level of customer satisfaction and the service delivery dimensions were moderate. The major challenges in service delivery such as lack of skilled and experienced leadership, inability to lead and make decisions strategically, inconsistent follow up and monitoring, absence of regular consultation with customers and stakeholders, prevalence of corruption and rent seeking activities and behavior, lack of motivation and service mentality, ineffective automation, absence of timely revision of rules and regulations; lack of cooperation and integration among stakeholders, inefficient and inappropriate grievance handling systems, mismatch between demand and supply in water, health and electric services, and absence of conducting customer satisfaction surveys scientifically were thoroughly identified. Finally, based on the analysis and conclusions, possible recommendations were suggested for alleviating the major challenges of service delivery processes in the study area.Key Terms: Customer Satisfaction, Service Delivery, Public Service Organizations.DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/10-7-02Publication date:July 31st 202

Customer Satisfaction and Public Service Delivery: The Case of Dire Dawa Administration

The issue of service delivery is becoming a global concern that demands continuous reform to fit the turbulent environment and changing customer needs. Efficient and effective services delivery is now a prominent agenda of most countries including Ethiopia. The demand for effective and efficient delivery of services requires fundamental change involving both institutional and cultural changes. Hence, measuring the level of satisfaction provides an indication of how successful organizations are at providing services, and is taken as effective outcome measure. Several researches have been conducted on the subject matter; however, most of them were focusing on private sectors such as insurance, hotel, bank and the like. Few are studied on public service organizations. Moreover, so far no study has been conducted that critically analyzes the state of customer satisfaction on service delivery of public service organizations in Dire Dawa Administration. The purpose of this study is therefore to assess customer satisfaction on service delivery of public service organizations in Dire Dawa Administration. To this effect, four research questions were employed to guide the study. These were: 1) what are the levels of customer satisfaction of public service organizations in Dire Dawa Administration? 2) What are the extents of the service delivery process in public service organizations (in terms of Assurance, Reliability, Tangibility, Empathy, and Responsiveness)? 3) What are the relationships between service delivery dimensions and customer satisfaction? 4) What are the major problems that exist in the service delivery process of public service organizations in Dire Dawa Administration? In addition, two data gathering techniques: systematic random sampling and purposive sampling were used to obtain relevant data required for the study. In the primary data gathering technique, questionnaire that were designed and distributed to customers and employees were used. For further elaboration, key informant interviews were conducted with selected officials from the sample organizations. Secondary data from different sources were employed. The data gathered from both primary and secondary sources were analyzed and presented using descriptive and statistical methods such as means, frequencies, percentages, tables and charts. The results of the study indicated that the five service delivery dimensions and customer satisfaction were positively correlated; the general level of customer satisfaction and the service delivery dimensions were moderate. The major challenges in service delivery such as lack of skilled and experienced leadership, inability to lead and make decisions strategically, inconsistent follow up and monitoring, absence of regular consultation with customers and stakeholders, prevalence of corruption and rent seeking activities and behavior, lack of motivation and service mentality, ineffective automation, absence of timely revision of rules and regulations; lack of cooperation and integration among stakeholders, inefficient and inappropriate grievance handling systems, mismatch between demand and supply in water, health and electric services, and absence of conducting customer satisfaction surveys scientifically were thoroughly identified. Finally, based on the analysis and conclusions, possible recommendations were suggested for alleviating the major challenges of service delivery processes in the study area. Key Terms: Customer Satisfaction, Service Delivery, Public Service Organizations. DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/60-01 Publication date:June 30th 2020

Breeding Practices and Farmers Trait Preferences on Indigenous Dairy Cattle Production in East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia

This study was carried out to evaluate the indigenous cattle breeding activities and farmers’ trait preferences on indigenous dairy cows in Hulet Eju Enese, Enebsie Sar Midir and Aneded districts within East Gojjam Zone under smallholder farmers management system. For the study, a cross-sectional survey and structured questionnaire as well as focus group discussions were used to collect data from 225 households. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 20) to study the magnitude and direction of variation. Uncontrolled natural mating was a common mating system accounting 82%, 87.3%, 73.3% in Hulet Eju Enese, Enebsie Sar Midir and Aneded districts, respectively. The first breeding objective of the farmers in Enebsie Sar Midir district was obtaining better milk yield 45.4%, however attaining strong draft oxen 42.7% was more preferred in both Hulet Eju Enese and Aneded districts. Trait preference ranking indices showed that communities prefer cattle for its higher milk yield with the indices of 0.16, 0.37, 0.22, faster growth rate 0.11, 0.09, 0.11, adaptability to local environment (shortage of feed resources and prevalence of disease) 0.10, 0.07, 0.08, breeding ability 0.14, 0.13, 0.09 and providing traction power 0.22, 0.19, 0.35 in Hulet Eju Enese, Enebsie Sar Midir and Aneded districts, respectively. Farmers' cattle trait preferences slightly differ across districts. Overall, milk yield and draught power were the most important production objectives. Among the selection criteria of farmers for indigenous dairy cows, udder and teat size, and pelvic width were commonly considered as primary important and in addition traction power, breeding ability and tolerant to seasonal feed shortage and disease for male selection. Productivity of cattle is limited by several constraints that include natural uncontrolled and unorganized breeding practice, high prevalence of diseases, poor reproductive performance, limited feed availability and poor marketing system and lack of recording system in the study area. Keywords: breeding practice, selection criteria, indigenous cattl

Review of agricultural production systems in eastern Africa in relation to food and nutrition security and climate change

The goal of this paper is to provide a unified resource for Eritrea, Djibouti, Somaliland, Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania. For each country the review covers the topics of livestock production systems and agroecological zones, food and nutrition security, climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate-smart agriculture (CSA) with a focus on the role of, or impact on, livestock systems. Each of these topics is broad and many excellent studies and reviews have been produced covering these topics either at the country level or for the entire East Africa region. It is the goal of this paper to provide an accessible introduction to these topics and to direct readers to the resources that exist for gathering detailed information on livestock production, food nutrition and security, climate change, GHG emissions and climate-smart livestock production in each country