A hypothalamicus vazopresszin elválasztás szerepe a depresszió-szerű tünetek kialakulásában = The involvement of hypothalamic vasopressin release in depression-like symptoms

Napjainkban a vazopresszinnek, mint fontos neurotranszmitter, neuromodulátor és stressz szabályozó molekulának a depresszióban betöltött szerepe intenzív kutatás tárgya. Munkánk során vazopresszin hiányos Brattleboro állatokat használtunk és megállapítottuk, hogy ezen állatok csökkent depresszió-szerű tüneteket mutattak számos magatartási tesztben. Ezzel párhuzamosan azonban a stressztengely (hypothalamo-hipofízis-mellékvese tengely) szabályozásában csak csekély jelentőséget találtunk. Az oxitocin részleges kompenzáló szerepét igazoltuk. Kimutattuk továbbá, hogy a nucleus paraventriculari hypothalami-ból felszabaduló vazopresszin parakrin úton segíti a stressz-stimulálta oxitocin és kortikoszteron plazma-szintek normalizálódását. A felnőttekkel ellentétben perinatálisan a vazopresszin tekinthető az ACTH elválasztás fő szabályozójának. Eredményeink arra utalnak, hogy a vazopresszin a depresszió kialakulásában fontos tényező, de valószínűleg nem a stressz-tengely befolyásolása révén hat, hanem egyéb agyi mechanizmusokat befolyásol. | Vasopressin, an ubiquiter hormone is considered to be one of the factors related to the development of depression. In our studies the congenital deficit of vasopressin in Brattleboro rats leads to attenuated depression-like behavior. Because the strong connection between depression and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation we examined the role of vasopressin in stress. The vasopressin deficiency had no influence on basal levels of ACTH and corticosterone and had only mild impact on hormonal activation in response to different stressors. The partial compesation by oxytocin elevation was confirmed. Endogenous vasopressin released within the nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami acts as a paracrine signal to facilitate the return of plasma oxytocin and corticosterone to basal levels after acute stressor exposure. In contrast to adult, vasopressin seems to be the predominant ACTH secretagogue during the perinatal period. We suggest that brain vasopressinergic circuits distinct from those regulating the HPA axis are involved in generating depression-like behavior

A depresszió és a hypothalamo-hypophysis-mellékvese tengely, különös tekintettel a vazopresszin szerepére = Depression and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis especially the role of vasopressin

Napjainkban a vazopresszinnek, mint fontos neurotranszmitter, neuromodulátor és stressz szabályozó molekulának a depresszióban betöltött szerepe intenzív kutatás tárgya. Munkánk során vazopresszin hiányos Brattleboro állatokat használtunk és megállapítottuk, hogy ezen állatok csökkent depresszió-szerű tüneteket mutattak számos magatartási tesztben és csökkentették ezen tünetek kialakulását depressziót előidéző helyzetekben (krónikus enyhe stressz, anyai elválasztás). Ezzel párhuzamosan azonban a stressztengely (hypothalamo-hipofízis-mellékvese tengely) szabályozásában csak csekély jelentőséget találtunk. A felnőttekkel ellentétben perinatálisan viszont a vazopresszin tekinthető az ACTH elválasztás fő szabályozójának. A felnőtt korra megemelkedő oxytocin szintézis kompenzáló szereét sikerült bizonyítanunk. Az ACTH és kortikoszteron válasz szétválása meglepő eredmény, mely további vizsgálatokat igényel. Eredményeink arra utalnak, hogy a vazopresszin a depresszió kialakulásában fontos tényező, de valószínűleg nem a stressz-tengely befolyásolása révén hat, hanem egyéb agyi mechanizmusokat befolyásol. | Vasopressin, a hormone functioning also as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and regulator of the stress response is considered to be one of the factors related to the development of depression. In our studies the congenital deficit of vasopressin in Brattleboro rats leads to attenuated depression-like behavior. The development of these symptoms was also diminishes after depression-inducing stimulation (chronic mild stress or maternal separation). On the other hand vasopressin deficiency had no influence on basal levels of ACTH and corticosterone and had only mild impact on hormonal activation in response to different stressors. In contrast to adult, vasopressin seems to be the predominant ACTH secretagogue during the perinatal period. The compesatory role of oxytocin in adult rats was confirmed. The dissociated ACTH and corticosterone secretion was a surprising results and needs further elucidation. We suggest that brain vasopressinergic circuits distinct from those regulating the HPA axis are involved in generating depression-like behavior

The intensity of biofilm formation by heterotrophic bacteria isolated from soil ferrosphere

The intensity of biofilm formation by heterotrophic bacteria possessed ammonifying ability (Bacillus simplex ChNPU F1, Streptomyces canus NUChC F2, Streptomyces gardneri ChNPU F3), ammonifying and iron-reducing ability (Fictibacillus sp. ChNPU ZVB1) previously isolated from soil ferrosphere was studied. Methods used: indirect measurement of the biomass of the bacterial biofilm using the adsorption/desorption of crystal violet, the aggregation test (to determine aggregation properties), the salt aggregation test (to determine hydrophobicity). The correlation analysis between the intensity of biofilm formation and aggregation of strains showed a significant positive correlation. The studied strains of microorganisms did not show high adhesive properties, they were moderately-adhesive (B. simplex, S. canus and S. gardneri) and weakly-adhesive (Fictibacillus sp.). It is supposed that the role these bacteria in the microbial damage of materials is determined preferably by bioelectrochemical reactions (iron-reducing bacteria) and the production of corrosive and/or antimicrobial metabolites (ammonifying and iron-reducing bacteria), but not by the biofilms formation. The prospect of further research is to analyze the antagonistic properties and biofilm formation of heterotrophic bacteria under co-cultivation conditions, in particular, with sulfate-reducing bacteria

Food-intake regulation during stress by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis

The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide with serious consequences such as diabetes mellitus type 2 and cardiovascular diseases. Emotional stress is considered to be one of the main reasons of obesity development in humans. However, there are some contradictory results, which should be addressed. First of all stress induces anorexia, but not overeating in laboratory animals. Glucocorticoids, the effector molecules of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis stimulate and stress inhibits food intake. It is also not clear if stress is diabetogenic or an antidiabetogenic factor. The review will discusses these issues and the involvement of the whole HPA axis and its separate molecules (glucocorticoids, adrenocorticotropin, corticotropin-releasing hormone) in food intake regulation under stress

The Effect of Maternal Stress Activation on the Offspring during Lactation in Light of Vasopressin

Although it is obvious that preconceptional effects as well as stressors during pregnancy profoundly influence the progeny, the lactation period seems to be at least as important. Here we summarize how maternal stressors during the lactation period affect the offspring. As vasopressin is one of the crucial components both for stress adaptation and social behavior, special emphasis was given to this neuropeptide. We can conclude that stressing the mother does not have the same acute effect on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (as the main target of stress adaptation) of the pups as stressing the pups, but later endocrine and behavioral consequences can be similar. Vasopressin plays a role in acute and later consequences of perinatal stressor applied either to the mother or to the offspring, thereby contributing to transmitting the mothers’ stress to the progeny. This mother-infant interaction does not necessarily mean a direct transmission of molecules, but rather is the result of programming the brain development through changes in maternal behavior. Thus, there is a time lag between maternal stress and stress-related changes in the offspring. The interactions are bidirectional as not only stress in the dam but also stress in the progeny has an effect on nursing

The journey of parents bereaved by prenatal and perinatal loss to professional helpers

The study of prenatal and perinatal loss is a topic frequently discussed in international scientific research. Several forms of the absence and bereavement experience, characterized by complex pain, occur in the period following the loss of an infant. We use the concept of complicated grief, which replaced the earlier stigmatizing expression of pathological or distorted grief. In our practice, many parents reported having symptoms such as sleep deprivation, isolation, reality perception disorder, depression, and suicidal ideation. We present best practices in psychological support for parents who have experienced prenatal and perinatal loss through Hungarian examples. Our practical and field research fits well into the international scientific public discourse, and we place the presentation of applied methods in a theoretical framework. In our review of the Hungarian practice, we aimed to present the full range of support services in Hungary, but the complexity of the topic allowed us to focus only on best practices in psychological support services available to parents bereaved by prenatal or perinatal loss

Neural induction of taste buds

Bilateral innervation allows more than 80% of the 610 vallate taste buds to survive removal of one IXth nerve in adult rats. Removal of both IXth nerves in neonatal or adult rats results in the absence of taste buds. In studying development, we found that removing or crushing one IXth nerve in three-day-old neonates profoundly decreased the number of vallate taste buds that subsequently developed. Specifically, after removal of one IXth nerve at 3 days, only 228 taste buds formed, compared with 496 taste buds that one nerve would maintain in adults. Thus, during normal development, the right and left IXth nerves interact synergistically, as at least 150 more taste buds develop than predicted by the sum of the independent action of each IXth nerve. This suggests that vallate taste buds are induced by the IXth nerve. A second example of synergism, representing evidence for the neural induction of taste buds, came from experiments in which we crushed the left IXth nerve 3 days after birth and found that these regenerated IXth nerve axons induced 4 times as many taste buds in the presence of the normal right IXth nerve (118 taste buds) as in its early absence (30 taste buds). We conclude that taste buds are neurally induced and that axons of the IXth nerve interact synergistically in inducing them, rather than competing for targets. We propose that in development innervated progenitor cells form stem cells which lead to taste bud cells.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50036/1/902600206_ftp.pd

Beneficial effects of low carbohydrate diet and sports in patients with type 1 diabetes

To reduce obesity and cardiovascular risk, a combination of low carbohydrate diet and sport is a good choice in otherwise healthy individuals. However, among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), consuming a minimum of 130 g carbohydrates per day is recommended, and the desire to exercise decreased as well. We wanted to demonstrate that a low carbohydrate diet during physical activity in T1DM patients is safe with the right choice of insulin dosing and reduces the development of both short- and long-term complications. To this end, we collected data from T1DM patients on a normal and low carbohydrate diet using a questionnaire as well as measured blood glucose levels while exercising in healthy and T1DM patients. The main benefit of the diet was that it provided a safe exercise option with more stable blood glucose levels and lower bolus insulin requirements. Our data support that the emergence of new types of insulins, tissue glucose sensors, and pumps has provided the conditions for a freer, less complicated life for patients with T1DM, for which the combined use of a normal and low carbohydrate diet can be an important tool

Reformation of Taste Buds by Crossed Sensory Nerves in the Rat's Tongue

Oakley, B. Reformation of taste buds by crossed sensory nervps in the rat's tongue . Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 79 . 88–94. Rat taste buds degenerate and disappear when their nerve supply is cut. Regeneration of the taste nerve fibres causes certain epithelial cells to differentiate into slender receptor cells comprising the taste bud. In this study by cross-union the glossopharyngeal (IXth) nerve was made to innervate the front of the tongue, and in other rats the chorda tympani nerve was forced to grow to the back of the tongue. These cross-regenerated sensory nerves were able to cause differentiation of epithelial cells into taste buds, whose number and distribution were histologically determined 15 weeks postoperatively. The cross-innervating IXth nerve reestablished taste buds in the existing fungiform papillae in conformity with the normal number and distribution of taste buds at the front of the tongue. The chorda tympani, forced to innervate the hack of the tongue, reestablish in the foliae papillae more than 1.5 times as many taste buds as it normally innervates. The number of taste buds normally innervated by the chorda tympani must, therefore, be restricted by the capacity of the anterior tongue tissue to respond to this nerve's influence. This study indicates that the distribution and total number of taste buds in the rat tongue is limited by the inherent nature of the tongue region being innervated (tissue-specific) rather than by the type of nerve supplying the taste buds (nerve-specific).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65421/1/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04704.x.pd

Properties of anaerobic bacteria from ferrosphere crucial for biofilm development

The purpose of this study was the investigation of biofilm-forming, hydrophobic, sulfidogenic and aggregative properties of sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio oryzae strains in monocultures and associations with organic acid-producing bacteria Anaerotignum propionicum. Studies of biofilm formation on polypropylene surface by strains were carried out by a biofilm assay (indirect measurement of bacterial biofilm biomass by crystal violet adsorption/desorption), hydrogen sulfide production was determined by iodometric titration, aggregation - by aggregation test, hydrophobicity - by salt aggregation test. It was found that the studied strains of D. oryzae NUChC SRB1 and NUChC SRB2 are highly adhesive, have high sulfidogenic, aggregation and hydrophobic properties in the complete Postgate’s medium (with Fe2+). During the cultivation of the studied strains of D. oryzae with A. propionicum NUChC Sat1, a significant increase in aggregation (both in complete medium and without Fe2+) and hydrogen sulfide production by sulfate-reducing bacteria were observed. These properties indicate the potentially high biodegradable activity of D. oryzae monocultures NUChC SRB1 and NUChC SRB2 and their associations with A. propionicum NUChC Sat1. The observed increase in the sulfidogenic activity of D. oryzae in association with A. propionicum promotes the corrosion hazard of the studied bacterial association