Management of patient with a heart murmur

The aim of this module is to provide the student with an opportunity to keeping patient in cardiology clinic. Student must know causes of heart murmurs. Etiology, pathogenesis. Haemodynamics. Clinical finding, treatment. Surgical treatment the Heart valve disease. Students should be able to execute assessment, diagnosis and management the patient with a heart murmur. To obtain the skills of interpretation of Doppler echocardioscopy. To obtain the skills of interpretation of the results of stress tests. To obtain the skills of interpretation of electrocardiograms

Luminescent SiO2 nanoparticles for cell labeling: combined water dispersion polymerization and 3D condensation controlled by oligoperoxide surfactant-initiator

Hybrid polymer coated silica nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using low temperature graft (co)polymerization of trimethoxysilane propyl methacrylate (MPTS) initiated by surface-active oligoperoxide metal complex (OMC) in aqueous media. These NPs were characterized by means of kinetic, solid-state NMR, TEM and FTIR techniques. Two processes, namely the radical graft-copolymerization due to presence of double bonds and 3D polycondensation provided by the intra- or/and intermolecular interaction of organosilicic fragments, occurred simultaneously. The relative contribution of the reactions depending on initiator concentration and pH value leading to the formation of low cured polydisperse microparticles or OMC coated SiO2 NPs of controlled curing degree was studied. The availability of free-radical forming peroxide fragments on the surface of SiO2 NPs provides an opportunity for seeded polymerization leading to the formation of the functional polymer coated NPs with controlled particle structure, size, and functionality. Encapsulation of the luminescent dye (Rhodamine 6G) in SiO2 core of functionalized NPs provided a noticeable increase in their resistance to photo-bleaching and improved biocompatibility. These luminescent NPs were not only attached to murine leukemia L1210 cells but also tolerated by the mammalian cells. Their potential use for labeling of the mammalian cells is considered

Module 3. Current practice of internal medicine. Contents module№ 1. Theme 9. Management of the patients with stable angina

Management of the patients with stable angina: introduction, Canadian Cardiovascular Society Angina Classes, main causes of decreased myocardial oxygen supply or increased myocardial oxygen demands, diagnosis, assessment, general measures and treatment

Two-Stage Pyrolytic Conversion of Biomass

The widespread adoption of biomass as an energy fuel is hindered by a number of its significant drawbacks, such as low heating value, low ash melting point, low bulk density etc. Technological solutions that allow to fully overcome these shortcomings and ensure high economic performance have not yet been proposed, although there is a significant demand for them. A new technology for thermal processing of biomass into gas fuel, based on the pyrolysis process, has been developed at the Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (JIHT RAS). The degree of energy conversion of the processed raw materials in the proposed technology is about 75%. The gas fuel yield is ∼1.3 m3/kg of biomass, and its heating value, on average, is 11 MJ/m3. The content of the liquid phase in the energy gas obtained by the developed technology is not more than 50 mg/m3. The gas produced by the technology under consideration on average consists of 90% hydrogen and carbon monoxide. According to existing standards, this gas can be used as a fuel for mini-CHP with gas-piston engines. A promising direction for using this gas is the production of liquid motor fuels

МНОГОЗОНДОВИЙ МИКРОВОЛНОВЫЙ МУЛЬТИМЕТР С ОБРАБОТКОЙ СИГНАЛОВ ДАТЧИКОВ ФИЛЬТРОМ КАЛМАНА

Предметом дослідження в статті є процес вимірювання параметрів сигналів і трактів надвисоких частот (НВЧ). Мета роботи – реалізація на ПЛІС багатозондового методу вимірювання параметрів сигналів і трактів c підвищенням точності за рахунок оптимальної обробки інформації, отриманої з датчиків. У статті вирішуються наступні завдання: створення моделі багатозондового мікрохвильового мультиметра з надмірною кількістю датчиків використання фільтрації Калмана у методі багатозондових мікрохвильових вимірювань і його реалізація на програмованих логічних інтегральних схемах (ПЛІС). Використовуються такі методи:  лінійна алгебра при визначенні проміжних змінних зі зворотної матриці системи рівнянь, що описують багатозондову систему при побудові алгоритму обробки сигналів датчиків при непрямому вимірюванні потужності і коефіцієнта відбиття сигналів датчиків, теорія оцінювання при фільтрації проміжних змінних, як цільова функція при цьому виступає сума елементів головної діагоналі  матриці дисперсії і коваріації (чим менше ця сума, тим менше похибка) за аналогією з методом найменших квадратів, де при D-оптимальному плануванні експерименту мінімізують добуток елементів головної діагоналі матриці дисперсії і коваріації, тому що добуток елементів головної діагоналі вносить основний вклад в обчислення визначника при зневажливо малих внедіагональних елементах матриці дисперсії і коваріації, в свою чергу визначник матриці дисперсії і коваріації візуалізується еліпсоїдом розсіювання, чим менше який, тим точніше вимірювання. Отримані наступні результати: удосконалена математична модель багатозондового методу вимірювання параметрів сигналів і трактів НВЧ, яка ґрунтується на перетворенні сигналів датчиків, розташованих вздовж напрямку передачі потужності у тракті у падаючу, відбиту та ту, що проходе, потужності і комплексний коефіцієнт відбиття навантаження, яка відрізняється фільтрацією проміжних змінних, що дозволило збільшити точність, запропоновано кінцевий автомат (FSM) з такими станами, як прогнозування і оновлення алгоритму фільтра Калмана та його моделювання за допомогою ПЛІС. Висновки: удосконалення обробки сигналів датчиків багатозондового мікрохвильового мультиметра дозволили збільшити точність вимірювань.The subject matter of article is the process of measuring the parameters of microwave signals and tracts. The goal of work is implementation on FPGA of a multi-robe method for measuring parameters of signals and tracts with an increasing of accuracy due to optimal processing of information received from sensors. The following tasks have been solved in the article: creation of a model of a multiprobe microwave multimeter with an redundant number of sensors using Kalman filtering in the method of multiprobe microwave measurements and its implementation on field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The following methods were used: linear algebra when defining intermediate variables from the inverse matrix of the system of equations describing a multiprobe system when creating a sensor signal processing algorithm for indirect measuring the power and reflection coefficient from sensor signals, estimation theory when filtering intermediate variables, where the sum main diagonal elements of the variance and covariance matrix is used as an objective function, the smaller this sum, the smaller the error, by analogy with the least squares method, where the D-optimal experiment design minimizes the product of the elements of the main diagonal of the variance and covariance matrix, because the product of the elements of the main diagonal introduces the main contribution to the calculation of the determinant for negligible off-diagonal elements of the variance and covariance matrix, in turn, the determinant of the variance and covariance matrix is visualized by the scattering ellipsoid, the smaller which is, the more accurate the measurement. The following results were obtained a mathematical model of a multiprobe method for measuring parameters of signals and microwave tracts, based on the conversion of signals from sensors located along the direction of power transmission in the tract into incident, reflected and passing power and a complex reflection coefficient of the termination, which differs by filtering intermediate variables, which made it possible to improve accuracy; a finite state machine (FSM) was proposed with states such as forecasting and updating the Kalman filter algorithm and its modeling using FPGA. Conclusions: improvement of signal processing of multiprobe microwave multimeter sensors has improved the measurement accuracy.Предметом исследования в статье является процесс измерения параметров сигналов и трактов сверхвысоких частот (СВЧ). Цель работы – реализация на ПЛИС многозондового метода измерения параметров сигналов и трактов c повышением точности за счет оптимальной обработки информации полученной с датчиков. В статье решаются следующие задачи: создание модели многозондового микроволнового мультиметра с избыточным количеством датчиков применения фильтрации Калмана в методе многозондового микроволновых измерений и его реализация на программируемых логических интегральных схемах (ПЛИС). Используются такие методы:  линейная алгебра при определении промежуточных переменных из обратной матрицы  системы уравнений, описывающей многозондовую систему при построении алгоритма обработки сигналов датчиков при косвенном измерении мощности и коэффициента отражения сигналов датчиков, теория оценивания при фильтрации промежуточных переменных, как целевую функцию при этом используют сумму элементов на главной диагонали  матрицы дисперсий и ковариаций, чем меньше эта сумма, тем меньше погрешность, по аналогии с методом наименьших квадратов, где при D-оптимальном планировании эксперимента минимизируют произведение элементов главной диагонали матрицы дисперсий и ковариаций, потому что произведение элементов главной диагонали вносит основной вклад в вычисление определителя при пренебрежимо малых внедиагональных элементах матрицы дисперсий и ковариаций, в свою очередь определитель матрицы дисперсий и ковариаций визуализируется эллипсоидом рассеяния, чем меньше который, тем точнее измерение. Получены такие результаты: усовершенствована математическая модель многозондового метода измерения параметров сигналов и трактов СВЧ, основанная  преобразования сигналов датчиков, расположенных вдоль направления передачи мощности в тракте, в падающую, отраженную и проходящую мощности и комплексный коэффициент отражения нагрузки, которая отличается фильтрацией промежуточных переменных, что позволило повысить точность, предложен конечный автомат (FSM) с такими состояниями, как прогнозирование и обновление алгоритма фильтра Калмана и его моделирование с помощью ПЛИС. Выводы: усовершенствование обработки сигналов датчиков многозондового микроволнового мультиметра позволило повысить точность измерений

Wideband multiprobe microwave multimeter

The device, sensors and mathematics permit us to get new results in precision, performance function linearity, long term stability characteristics and so on. A multimeter, for passing, incident, reflected power, reflection coefficient module, and phase and wavelength, could be designed in the three versions, depending on its purpose: multimeter for fixed frequency; wideband one for waveguide; very wideband one for coaxial lines. It is necessary to solve the next main questions: choice of sensor type and their dislocation; elaboration of the signal processing algorithm; the functional scheme; evaluation of general error; ground metrological support

Multiprobe microwave multimeter error definition on its sensor error base

There was proposed a new method of estimation of multiprobe microwave multimeter algorithms precision by mean of accumulation of partial error. The least square solution is used for variance and covariance matrix definition. The weighed coefficient is obtained from algorithms derivatives with respect to intermediate variable. Substituting the expression for standard deviation (variance) end weighed coefficient in formula for partial error accumulation we can compare different algorithms, study frequency properties of algorithms and make conclusion about its applicability in multiprobe microwave multimeter for passing power and reflection coefficient definition. It was proved that solutions (i.e. algorithms) are the same for analytic and numerical (least square) method. So it is possible apply least square solution for three equation with three unknown variable

Antineoplastic Activity of Water-Soluble Form of Novel Kinase Inhibitor 1-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-3-chloro-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenylamino)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione immobilized on Polymeric Poly(PEGMA-co-DMM) Carrier

The maleimide derivative 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-chloro-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenylamino)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (MI-1) was synthesized as inhibitor of several protein kinases, however, its application is hindered by its poor water solubility. In this study, the mechanisms of the antineoplastic action of MI-1 and its MI-1/M5 complex with M5 carrier (poly (PEGMA-co-DMM)) towards human colon carcinoma HCT116 cells were investigated by using the MTT and clonogenic assays, DNA intercalation with methyl green replacement, alkaline DNA comet assay, and Western-blot analysis. MI-1 compound and its MI-1/M5 complex possessed high toxicity towards colon (HCT116), cervical (HeLa) carcinoma cells and melanoma (SK-MEL-28) cells with GI50 value in a range of 0.75–7.22 µg/mL, and demonstrated high selectivity index (SI ˃ 6.9). The p53 status of colon cancer cells did not affect the sensitivity of these cells to the treatment with MI-1 and its MI-1/M5 complex. M5 polymer possessed low toxicity towards studied cells. The MI-1, MI-1/M5, and M5 only slightly inhibited growth of the pseudo-normal HaCaT and Balb/c 3T3 cell lines (GI50 ˃ 50 μg/mL). The MI-1 and its MI-1/M5 complex induced mitochondria-dependent pathway of apoptosis, damage of the DNA, and morphological changes in HCT116 cells, and affected the G2/M transition checkpoint. The MI-1 intercalated into the DNA molecule, while such capability of MI-1/M5 complex and M5 polymer was much lower. Thus, poly (PEGMA-co-DMM) might be a promising carrier for delivery of the maleimide derivative, MI-1, a novel kinase inhibitor, through improving its solubility in aqueous media and enhancing its antiproliferative action towards human tumor cells. Studies are in progress on the treatment of Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma (NK/Ly)-bearing mice with the MI-1 and MI-1/M5 complex

Antineoplastic Activity of Water-Soluble Form of Novel Kinase Inhibitor 1-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-3-chloro-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenylamino)-1<i>H</i>-pyrrole-2,5-dione immobilized on Polymeric Poly(PEGMA-<i>co</i>-DMM) Carrier

The maleimide derivative 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-chloro-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenylamino)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (MI-1) was synthesized as inhibitor of several protein kinases, however, its application is hindered by its poor water solubility. In this study, the mechanisms of the antineoplastic action of MI-1 and its MI-1/M5 complex with M5 carrier (poly (PEGMA-co-DMM)) towards human colon carcinoma HCT116 cells were investigated by using the MTT and clonogenic assays, DNA intercalation with methyl green replacement, alkaline DNA comet assay, and Western-blot analysis. MI-1 compound and its MI-1/M5 complex possessed high toxicity towards colon (HCT116), cervical (HeLa) carcinoma cells and melanoma (SK-MEL-28) cells with GI50 value in a range of 0.75–7.22 µg/mL, and demonstrated high selectivity index (SI ˃ 6.9). The p53 status of colon cancer cells did not affect the sensitivity of these cells to the treatment with MI-1 and its MI-1/M5 complex. M5 polymer possessed low toxicity towards studied cells. The MI-1, MI-1/M5, and M5 only slightly inhibited growth of the pseudo-normal HaCaT and Balb/c 3T3 cell lines (GI50 ˃ 50 μg/mL). The MI-1 and its MI-1/M5 complex induced mitochondria-dependent pathway of apoptosis, damage of the DNA, and morphological changes in HCT116 cells, and affected the G2/M transition checkpoint. The MI-1 intercalated into the DNA molecule, while such capability of MI-1/M5 complex and M5 polymer was much lower. Thus, poly (PEGMA-co-DMM) might be a promising carrier for delivery of the maleimide derivative, MI-1, a novel kinase inhibitor, through improving its solubility in aqueous media and enhancing its antiproliferative action towards human tumor cells. Studies are in progress on the treatment of Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma (NK/Ly)-bearing mice with the MI-1 and MI-1/M5 complex

Excited State Proton Transfers in Hybrid Compound Based on Indoline Spiropyran of the Coumarin Type and Azomethinocoumarin in the Presence of Metal Ions

Spectral-luminescence properties of a hybrid compound containing a coumarin-type spiropyran and an azomethinocoumarin fragment in toluene-acetonitrile solution in the presence of Li+, Ca2+, Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are reported. Two excited state proton transfers can occur in the hybrid compound—the transfer of a proton from the OH group of the 7-hydroxy coumarin tautomer to the N atom of the C=N bond of the azomethine fragment leading to green ESIPT fluorescence with a maximum at 540 nm and from the OH group of the 7-hydroxy coumarin tautomer to the carbonyl group of the pyrone chromophore, which leads to the formation of the 2-hydroxyl-tautomer T of coumarin with blue fluorescence with a maximum at 475 nm. Dependence of these excited state proton transfers on the metal nature and irradiation with an external UV source is discussed