Bacterial Spot and Blight Diseases of Ornamental Plants caused by Different Xanthomonas Species in Turkey

Putative strains belonging to Xanthomonas spp. causing leaf spot and blight diseases on geranium (Pelargonium peltatum and P. hortorum), begonia (Begonia x tuberhybrida), anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum), Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), and English ivy (Hedera helix) growing in Turkey were isolated. All bacterial strains were classified as Gram-negative, oxidase negative, catalase, levan and starch hydrolysis positive, with hypersensitive reaction positive on tobacco and pathogenic to host plants. Identification of these strains was further confirmed by serological method using ELISA kits, conventional PCR, carbon utilisation, and FAME. Results of the identification showed that 28, 24, 10, 2, and 1 strains were identified as X. axonopodis pv. begoniae, X. hortorum pv. pelargonii, X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae, X. hortorum pv. hederae, and Xanihomonas sp., respectively. This is the first report of X. hortorum pv. hederae on English ivy in Turkey.Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TOVAG 106 O 333]; Cukurova University, TurkeyCukurova University [ZF2005BAP9]Supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Grant No. TOVAG 106 O 333, and by the Cukurova University, Turkey, Project No. ZF2005BAP9

Epidemiology of Tomato Bacterial Wilt Disease (Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp. Michiganensis) İn Tokat Province

Bu çalışma, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm)’in tohum, toprak ve bitki artıklarındaki yaşam süresini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Patojenin tohumdaki yaşam süresi için, rifampicin’e dayanıklı Cmm izolatı ile bulaştırılan tohumlar aylık periyotlarda besi yerlerine ekilerek, enfekteli tohum oranı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, tohumlardaki inokulumun hastalığı başlatma yeteneğini belirlemek amacıyla tohumlardan gelişen bitkilerde hastalık gözlemi yapılmıştır. Cmm’in topraktaki yaşam süresi için, Cmm ile bulaştırılan toprak, kutular içerisinde deneme alanına gömülmüş, yaz ve kış ayları boyunca alınan örneklerde bakteri yoğunluğu hesaplanmıştır. Bitki artıklarındaki yaşam süresi için, Cmm ile enfekteli bitki parçaları toprağa gömülmüş ve aylık periyotlarda örneklemeler yapılarak bakteri yoğunluğu hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan çalışma sonuçlarına göre, Cmm ile bulaştırılmış tohumlarda 0. gün %100’lük bir bulaşıklık belirlenirken, bu oran aylık periyotlarda düzenli olarak azalmıştır. En son 370. günde %17’lik bir bulaşıklık tespit edilirken, 400. günde etmene rastlanılmamıştır. Etmenin bulaşık topraklarda, yaz aylarında 15 gün, kış aylarında 30 gün canlı kalabildiği, toprakta bulunan bitki artıklarında ise 30 gün canlı kalabildiği belirlenmiştir. 12 aylık periyotta ilk ay patojen tespit edilirken, diğer aylarda etmen elde edilememiştir. Sonuç olarak, Tokat ilinde etmenin toprak ve bitki artıklarında canlılığını sürdüremediği, bulaşık tohumların birincil inokulum kaynağı oluşturduğu ve tohumlardaki inokulumun hastalığı başlatacak yeteneğe sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bundan dolayı hastalık ile mücadelede başlangıç inokulumunu azaltmak için temiz tohum kullanımı önem arz etmektedir.This study was conducted to determine survival of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) in infested seed, soil, plant residue. Infected seeds rates were determined by plating seeds, which were infected with rifampicin-resistant Cmm isolate, on medium at monthly intervals. Also, seeds were planted and disease observations were made in plants to determine the ability of seed inocula to initiate disease. Infested soil was buried in test area within container and the bacterial density was calculated in samples taken during summer and winter months. Cmm-infected plant parts were buried in the soil and bacterial density was calculated by sampling in monthly periods. Based on the results of study, the survival rate of the pathogen in infected seed were decreased with increase in storage periods. The lowest survival rate of 17% was determined at the end of 370 day, but on the 400th day, Cmm was not recovered from infected seeds. It has been determined that pathogen could survive in infested soil for 15 and 30 days in summer and winter periods, respectively. Also, Cmm could survive for 30 days in plant residues in the soil. As a result, it has been determined that Cmm could not survive in soil and plant residues in Tokat province. However, it has been determined that the infected seeds are primary inoculum source and that inoculum in the seeds has ability to initiate disease. Therefore it is important to use clean seeds to reduce initial inoculum for disease management

Chemical components of different solvent extracts of Asclepias curassavica L. and antibacterial effect of the extracts on tomato pathogens

The use of environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural methods in the control of diseases and pests is of great importance. In both conventional and organic agricultural production systems, the utilization of various plant extracts as part of integrated pest management has gained significance in recent years. The chemical constituents of various solutions derived from the flowers, leaves, and roots of the Asclepias curassavica L. plant were investigated, along with the possibilities of utilizing these solutions in the control of tomato plant pathogenic bacteria. As a result of the analysis, acetic acid in 60% and 80% ethanol solutions, as well as acetic acid methy ester in 60% and 80% methanol solutions, were detected in the flowers, leaves, and roots. The effects of A. curassavica flower, leaf, and root extracts, prepared using three different solvents (water, methanol, and ethanol), were investigated on eight different pathogenic bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Clavibacter michiganensis, Dickeya zeae, Pectobacterium caratovorum, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, Pseudomonas tomato, Pseudomonas viridiflava, and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria) that cause diseases in plants. Several main compounds such as acetic acid, acetic acid. methyl ester, Furfural, 2-Furanmethanol, 4H-Pyran-4-one. 2.3-dihydro-3.5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, Glycerin, Benzo furan. 2.3-dihydro- and 5-Hydroxy methyl furfural were identified as analyzed by GC-MS with different concentrations of ethanol and methanol solutions used for the flower, leaves and root of A. curassavica plants. The flower extract prepared with 80% ethanol exhibited a higher inhibition zone (ranging from 1.5 mm to 5.3 mm) in all pathogens, compared to other applications. The successful suppression effect of A. curassavica flower extracts on this disease is promising, especially in organic farming areas. Additionally, since it is environmentally friendly and sustainable, it can be included in integrated control methods to prevent the loss of productivity caused by diseases

Determination of Antibacterial Effect of Different Plant Essential Oils Against Erwinia amylovora

Erwinia amylovora’nın neden olduğu ateş yanıklığı hastalığı Rosaceae familyasına ait 39 farklı cins ve 128 türe ait bitkide hastalık oluşturmaktadır. Bu hastalıkla mücadelede farklı yöntemler kombine halde kullanılarak entegre hastalık yönetimi tercih edilir. Son yıllarda hastalığın mücadelesinde alternatif yöntemlerin araştırılması üzerine çalışmalar yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu yöntemlerden birisi de tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerden elde edilen uçucu yağlardır. Bu çalışmada, 16 farklı bitki uçucu yağın, Erwinia amylovora’ya karşı antibakteriyel etkisi in vitro koşullarda araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, yedi farklı bitkinin (Allium sativum, Cinnamomi ceylanici, Cymbopogon citratus, Lavandula officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Syzygium aromaticum ve Thymus vulgaris) uçucu yağı Erwinia amylovora’nın in vitro koşullarda gelişimini engellemede başarılı olmuştur. Cymbopogon citratus uçucu yağı hariç diğer altı bitkinin uçucu yağı streptomisin antibiyotiğinden kuvvetli antibakteriyel etkiye sahip olmuştur. Allium sativum, Cinnamomi ceylanici ve Mentha arvensis uçucu yağlarında sırasıyla 16.44, 15.11 ve 12.94 mm inhibisyon zonu elde edilmiş ve bu uçucu yağlar güçlü antibakteriyel etkilerle dikkat çekici bulunmuştur. Etkili bulunan bu uçucu yağlar, hastalığın mücadelesinde umut verici olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Fire Blight caused by Erwinia amylovora is a disease of plants belonging to Rosaceae family of 39 different genera and 128 species. Integrated disease management is preferred by combining different methods in the disease control. Nowadays, studies on alternative methods to control of the disease were intensified. One of these methods is using of essential oils obtained from medical and aromatic plants. In this study, antibacterial activity of 16 different plant essential oil was investigated against to Erwinia amylovora in vitro conditions. Seven essential oils (Allium sativum, Cinnamomi ceylanici, Cymbopogon citratus, Lavandula officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Syzygium aromaticum and Thymus vulgaris) inhibited successfully the growth of Erwinia amylovora in vitro conditions. The higher antibacterial efficacy was produced by the six plant essential oil except Cymbopogon citratus, compared to streptomycin. Essential oils from Allium sativum, Cinnamomi ceylanici and Mentha arvensis were obtained in 16.44, 15.11 and 12.94 mm inhibition zones, respectively and these essential oils had the highest antibacterial effects. These effective essential oils was found as promising in this disease control

Domates bakteriyel kara leke hastalığı etmeninin tanımı,ırklarının tespiti,domates tohumlarında saptanması ve kimyasal savaşıma alternatif yöntemlerin araştırılması üzerinde çalışmalar

TEZ3305Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 1999.Kaynakça (s. 92-104) var.ix, 106 s. ; res. ; 30 cm.

Turunçgil dal yanıklığı hastalığı etmeninin (Pseudomonas syringae van Hall) tanımı ve etmene karşı turunçgil çeşitlerinin dayanıklığının saptanması

TEZ1395Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 1993.Kaynakça (s. 60-62) var.ix, 64 s. : rnk. res. ; 30 cm.…Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir

Biological Control of Watermelon Seedling Blight Caused by Acidovorax citrulli Using Antagonistic Bacteria from the Genera Curtobacterium, Microbacterium and Pseudomonas

The biological control of the watermelon seedling blight and fruit blotch disease was investigated by screening the potential use of antagonistic bacteria. Between May and August 2012, totally 322 putative antagonistic bacteria were isolated from symptomless melon and watermelon plants grown in Adana, Hatay, and Osmaniye provinces of the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. In vitro dual culture tests showed that 54 out of 322 strains inhibited the Acidovorax citrulli (Ac) growth with an appearance of clear zones between 2.3 and 27.0 mm in diameter. However, the remaining 268 strains did not exhibit any antagonistic activity against Ac. Seed treatments with fourteen individual antagonistic bacteria resulted in a significant reduction in disease incidence (DI) and severity (DS) ranging between 14.06-79.47% and between 4.57-41.49%, respectively. The bacteria Pseudomonas oryzihabitans (Antg-12), Microbacterium oxydans (Antg-57), Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens (Antg-198), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Antg-273) were the most potent antagonistic bacterial isolates which reduced DI and DS as compared to the untreated control. This study suggested the potential of bacterial antagonists Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, Microbacterium oxydans, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, and Pseudomonas fluorescens for the biocontrol of Ac-induced bacterial fruit blotch (BFB)