269 research outputs found
Metabolic profile, bioavailability and toxicokinetics of zearalenone-14-glucoside in rats after oral and intravenous administration by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry
Zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G), a key modified mycotoxin, has attracted a great deal of attention due to the possible conversion to its free form of zearalenone (ZEN) exerting toxicity. In this study, the toxicokinetics of ZEN-14G were investigated in rats after oral and intravenous administration. The plasma concentrations of ZEN-14G and its major five metabolites were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The data were analyzed via non-compartmental analysis using software WinNonlin 6.3. The results indicated that ZEN-14G was rapidly hydrolyzed into ZEN in vivo. In addition, the major parameters of ZEN-14G following intravenous administration were: area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), 1.80 h.ng/mL; the apparent volume of distribution (V-Z), 7.25 L/kg; and total body clearance (CL), 5.02 mL/h/kg, respectively. After oral administration, the typical parameters were: AUC, 0.16 h.ng/mL; V-Z, 6.24 mL/kg; and CL, 4.50 mL/h/kg, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability of ZEN-14G in rats was about 9%, since low levels of ZEN-14G were detected in plasma, which might be attributed to its extensive metabolism. Therefore, liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was adopted to clarify the metabolic profile of ZEN-14G in rats' plasma. As a result, eight metabolites were identified in which ZEN-14-glucuronic acid (ZEN-14GlcA) had a large yield from the first time-point and continued accumulating after oral administration, indicating that ZEN-14-glucuronic acid could serve a potential biomarker of ZEN-14G. The obtained outcomes would prompt the accurate safety evaluation of ZEN-14G
B7-H4 Polymorphism Influences the Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Pro-Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Patients with Psoriasis.
BACKGROUND
The co-inhibitory molecule B7-H4 is located in the genomic regions associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility. However, the correlation of B7-H4 with glycometabolism and dyslipidemia has never been studied.
OBJECTIVE
To explore the influence of B7-H4 polymorphism on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and dyslipidemia in psoriasis.
METHODS
In this single-center cross-sectional study, we recruited 265 psoriatic patients receiving methotrexate (MTX) treatment. Thirteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in B7-H4 were genotyped. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), lipoprotein (a) (LP(a)), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were measured at baseline and week 12.
RESULTS
The GG genotype carriers of rs12025144 in B7-H4 had a higher prevalence of DM (57.14% vs. 17.71% vs. 18.67%, p = 0.0018), and had a poorer response to MTX in diabetic patients (p < 0.05), compared with AA or AG genotype carriers. The AG genotype of rs2066398 was associated with higher levels of pro-atherogenic lipids. MTX significantly downregulated the level of anti-atherogenic lipid ApoA1 in AA genotype carriers of rs2066398.
CONCLUSIONS
The genotypes rs12025144 and rs2066398 in B7-H4 were correlated with a higher prevalence of DM and dyslipidemia in psoriasis, respectively
Fully-Connected Spatial-Temporal Graph for Multivariate Time Series Data
Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) data is crucial in various application fields.
With its sequential and multi-source (multiple sensors) properties, MTS data
inherently exhibits Spatial-Temporal (ST) dependencies, involving temporal
correlations between timestamps and spatial correlations between sensors in
each timestamp. To effectively leverage this information, Graph Neural
Network-based methods (GNNs) have been widely adopted. However, existing
approaches separately capture spatial dependency and temporal dependency and
fail to capture the correlations between Different sEnsors at Different
Timestamps (DEDT). Overlooking such correlations hinders the comprehensive
modelling of ST dependencies within MTS data, thus restricting existing GNNs
from learning effective representations. To address this limitation, we propose
a novel method called Fully-Connected Spatial-Temporal Graph Neural Network
(FC-STGNN), including two key components namely FC graph construction and FC
graph convolution. For graph construction, we design a decay graph to connect
sensors across all timestamps based on their temporal distances, enabling us to
fully model the ST dependencies by considering the correlations between DEDT.
Further, we devise FC graph convolution with a moving-pooling GNN layer to
effectively capture the ST dependencies for learning effective representations.
Extensive experiments show the effectiveness of FC-STGNN on multiple MTS
datasets compared to SOTA methods.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure
How Well Do Large Language Models Understand Syntax? An Evaluation by Asking Natural Language Questions
While recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) bring us closer to
achieving artificial general intelligence, the question persists: Do LLMs truly
understand language, or do they merely mimic comprehension through pattern
recognition? This study seeks to explore this question through the lens of
syntax, a crucial component of sentence comprehension. Adopting a natural
language question-answering (Q&A) scheme, we craft questions targeting nine
syntactic knowledge points that are most closely related to sentence
comprehension. Experiments conducted on 24 LLMs suggest that most have a
limited grasp of syntactic knowledge, exhibiting notable discrepancies across
different syntactic knowledge points. In particular, questions involving
prepositional phrase attachment pose the greatest challenge, whereas those
concerning adjectival modifier and indirect object are relatively easier for
LLMs to handle. Furthermore, a case study on the training dynamics of the LLMs
reveals that the majority of syntactic knowledge is learned during the initial
stages of training, hinting that simply increasing the number of training
tokens may not be the `silver bullet' for improving the comprehension ability
of LLMs.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figure
Graph Contextual Contrasting for Multivariate Time Series Classification
Contrastive learning, as a self-supervised learning paradigm, becomes popular
for Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) classification. It ensures the consistency
across different views of unlabeled samples and then learns effective
representations for these samples. Existing contrastive learning methods mainly
focus on achieving temporal consistency with temporal augmentation and
contrasting techniques, aiming to preserve temporal patterns against
perturbations for MTS data. However, they overlook spatial consistency that
requires the stability of individual sensors and their correlations. As MTS
data typically originate from multiple sensors, ensuring spatial consistency
becomes essential for the overall performance of contrastive learning on MTS
data. Thus, we propose Graph Contextual Contrasting (GCC) for spatial
consistency across MTS data. Specifically, we propose graph augmentations
including node and edge augmentations to preserve the stability of sensors and
their correlations, followed by graph contrasting with both node- and
graph-level contrasting to extract robust sensor- and global-level features. We
further introduce multi-window temporal contrasting to ensure temporal
consistency in the data for each sensor. Extensive experiments demonstrate that
our proposed GCC achieves state-of-the-art performance on various MTS
classification tasks.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure
SEA++: Multi-Graph-based High-Order Sensor Alignment for Multivariate Time-Series Unsupervised Domain Adaptation
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) methods have been successful in reducing
label dependency by minimizing the domain discrepancy between a labeled source
domain and an unlabeled target domain. However, these methods face challenges
when dealing with Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) data. MTS data typically
consist of multiple sensors, each with its own unique distribution. This
characteristic makes it hard to adapt existing UDA methods, which mainly focus
on aligning global features while overlooking the distribution discrepancies at
the sensor level, to reduce domain discrepancies for MTS data. To address this
issue, a practical domain adaptation scenario is formulated as Multivariate
Time-Series Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (MTS-UDA). In this paper, we propose
SEnsor Alignment (SEA) for MTS-UDA, aiming to reduce domain discrepancy at both
the local and global sensor levels. At the local sensor level, we design
endo-feature alignment, which aligns sensor features and their correlations
across domains. To reduce domain discrepancy at the global sensor level, we
design exo-feature alignment that enforces restrictions on global sensor
features. We further extend SEA to SEA++ by enhancing the endo-feature
alignment. Particularly, we incorporate multi-graph-based high-order alignment
for both sensor features and their correlations. Extensive empirical results
have demonstrated the state-of-the-art performance of our SEA and SEA++ on
public MTS datasets for MTS-UDA
Leveraging Endo- and Exo-Temporal Regularization for Black-box Video Domain Adaptation
To enable video models to be applied seamlessly across video tasks in
different environments, various Video Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (VUDA)
methods have been proposed to improve the robustness and transferability of
video models. Despite improvements made in model robustness, these VUDA methods
require access to both source data and source model parameters for adaptation,
raising serious data privacy and model portability issues. To cope with the
above concerns, this paper firstly formulates Black-box Video Domain Adaptation
(BVDA) as a more realistic yet challenging scenario where the source video
model is provided only as a black-box predictor. While a few methods for
Black-box Domain Adaptation (BDA) are proposed in image domain, these methods
cannot apply to video domain since video modality has more complicated temporal
features that are harder to align. To address BVDA, we propose a novel Endo and
eXo-TEmporal Regularized Network (EXTERN) by applying mask-to-mix strategies
and video-tailored regularizations: endo-temporal regularization and
exo-temporal regularization, performed across both clip and temporal features,
while distilling knowledge from the predictions obtained from the black-box
predictor. Empirical results demonstrate the state-of-the-art performance of
EXTERN across various cross-domain closed-set and partial-set action
recognition benchmarks, which even surpassed most existing video domain
adaptation methods with source data accessibility.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, and 4 table
JWA Deficiency Suppresses Dimethylbenz[a]Anthracene-Phorbol Ester Induced Skin Papillomas via Inactivation of MAPK Pathway in Mice
Our previous studies indicated that JWA plays an important role in DNA damage repair, cell migration, and regulation of MAPKs. In this study, we investigated the role of JWA in chemical carcinogenesis using conditional JWA knockout (JWAΔ2/Δ2) mice and two-stage model of skin carcinogenesis. Our results indicated that JWAΔ2/Δ2 mice were resistant to the development of skin papillomas initiated by 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) followed by promotion with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In JWAΔ2/Δ2 mice, the induction of papilloma was delayed, and the tumor number and size were reduced. In primary keratinocytes from JWAΔ2/Δ2 mice, DMBA exposure induced more intensive DNA damage, while TPA-promoted cell proliferation was reduced. The further mechanistic studies showed that JWA deficiency blocked TPA-induced activation of MAPKs and its downstream transcription factor Elk1 both in vitro and in vivo. JWAΔ2/Δ2 mice are resistance to tumorigenesis induced by DMBA/TPA probably through inhibition of transcription factor Elk1 via MAPKs. These results highlight the importance of JWA in skin homeostasis and in the process of skin tumor development
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